Anti-Communism in America - 867 Words

- Analyse the impact of anti-communism in the USA from the late 1940’s to 1953 and the impact this had on tensions between the superpowers during this time. In the years between 1940 and 1953 the capitalist nations of the world such as USA became very concerned about the communist ideologies and its possible spread in the world. As a result, the ideological war period known as the â€Å"Cold War† was developed. With the end of World War II, the USA emerged with a renewed sense of confidence as they believed that their role in the Allie alliance was a key factor when defeating their enemy powers. It was not long, however, before ironically, this alliance between USA and USSR would be the cause for rising tensions in the world. It can be†¦show more content†¦It was not until 1947 that HUAC achieved its greatest fame with the investigations into the Hollywood film industry. These investigations involved screenwriters, directors, and other professionals in testifying about their known, or suspected membership in the Communist Party, within its members, or support of its beliefs. The â€Å"Hollywood Ten†, as it was kno wn, was a group of people formed by the first ten film industry witnesses that decided not to cooperate, and instead cited the First Amendment’s, which guaranteed freedom in speech and beliefs, but failed and were sentenced to prison (R). Later victims had the option of either being informants, and thus, give names of communist sympathizers or going to prison if refused to cooperate (R). On November25 of 1947, Eric Johnston, President of the Motion Picture Association of America published the â€Å"Waldorf Statement†, which announced the firing of the Hollywood Ten, and stated they would not employ any communist or member of a party which advocates to overthrow the government (R). This generated a †Hollywood Blacklist†, through which over 300 actors, authors and directors were denied to work in the film industry. Those actions taken by the government not only placed USA’s famous â€Å"freedom† in question and showed an excessive use of power u ntil the point that citizen’s rights were constantly violated but also created an atmosphere of fear and suspicion, which sometimes resulted inShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy of Ronald Reagan1004 Words   |  5 Pagesdate the oldest serving president, and the effects of his presidency have affected not only the United States of America but most of the world as well. The consensus among historians is that Ronald Reagan left a lasting legacy that was a great one in numerous ways. His Reaganomics improved America’s economy greatly, and secured its future economic prosperity. He also fought communism head on and was able to end it in most parts of the world, but more importantly in Soviet Russia. However, in doingRead MoreThe Cold War Between Communism And Communism1721 Words   |  7 PagesThe Cold War The conflict in ideologies between capitalism and communism resulted in one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The belief that freedom and democracy would die under communist rule caused the United States to start a conflict that would last for decades. The decisions made by the United States in W.W.II caused tensions to rise between the U. S. and the Soviet Union. Fear of Communism in capitalist nations, caused the United states government to use propaganda to raiseRead MoreThe End Of World War Two And The United States1411 Words   |  6 Pagesshould be governed.The Cold War was a fight between Communism and Capitalism; only one method could prevail. Communism, was the notion that through a class war all would become equal, all property owned publicly and each person paid equally. On the opposite end of the spectrum lay Capitalism where there is an economic and political system of a country’s trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit; n ot the state. One way that America sought to protect and hopefully impede Soviet RussiaRead MoreThe Battle Of The Cold War1450 Words   |  6 PagesThe battle in ideologies between communism and capitalism lead to one of the greatest conflicts of the twentieth century. The concept that freedom and democracy would not survive under communist rule triggered a battle that could endure for decades. American media significantly impacted the attitudes of Americans, creating a hatred of communism to spread throughout the nation. The political relations in Europe, during and directly after World War II, played a large part in laying the foundationRead MoreThe Age Of Mccarthyism By Joseph Mccarthy1151 Words   |  5 Pagesof convoluted accusations and fabrication of a sensitive topic regarding communist infiltration within America. Joe McCarthy’s unfounded allegations naming supposed ‘communist subversives’ instilled fear and anxiety among Americans. This was exacerb ated by the anxiety associated with the concerns of an escalating Cold War. McCarthy was motivated by his political ambition and thus used the anti-communist crusade as a scapegoat, to benefit his political career. It became increasingly apparent thatRead MoreWhy Did America Join The Korean War?1174 Words   |  5 Pages4/20/2015 Why did America Joined the Korean War In the 1950s, two super powers, the Soviet Union and America, were competing for influence throughout the world. The Soviet Union supported the spread of communist dictatorships, while the United States promoted democracy and capitalism. These opposing opinions over what kind of political and economy system should dominate the world resulted in remote wars, including the Korean War. In response to the Soviet Union’s aggrandized communism influence in SouthernRead MoreCommunism And The Anti Communist Rhetoric1401 Words   |  6 Pagesone considers the definitions of its roots, communism seems like an odd word to inspire as much fear as it has and does. â€Å"Commun,† meaning â€Å"together† and â€Å"ism,† meaning â€Å"belief in,† combine to form a word for which the connotation far outweighs the denotation. Rather than bring people together, communism in the United States caused divides, even between people on the same sides. Although the exact definition of communism differed for Communists and Anti-Communists, the definitions held commonalityRead MoreAp Us History 2001 Dbq Essay1081 Words   |  5 Pagesspread of Communism. I. General American Fears after WWII. A. Spread of Communism fear of U.S. becoming Communist. B. China Communist fear. C. McCarthyism heightened fear. D. Hesitation of action to prevent WWIII ^ fear. II. Eisenhower Administration A. Massive retaliation; nuclear weapons prevented USSR attack. B. Containment policy to prevent war/attack. C. Interstate Highway System to ^ US defense against Communism. D. CIA overthrowing/prevention of spread of Communism. E. KoreanRead MoreAnti Communist Rhetoric And American Patriotism1605 Words   |  7 Pagescommunist, to feed the hatred for communism. The illustrators did this to catch the public’s attention by exploiting their irrational fear of communism to entice them to buy the comic book. Just prior to the release of the Comic Codes, Fighting American #3 was already showing acceptance of the codes, with Fighting American being depicted as the perfect athletic American with his American boy side kick ready to save the day from the communists of domestic America. The anti-communist rhetoric is also evidentRead MoreCommunism And The Cold War Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pages Throughout United States history, there has not been a more prominent and long lasting threat like the one of communism. It has been a threat to the democratic and capitalist ideals of the U.S. since before World War I, throughout the Cold War and is still until this day. When one thinks about communism, you conjure u p images of the Red Scare that the Soviet Union induced and of other dictatorships throughout the western hemisphere and one might overlook the Marxist ideals that were being spread

My Voice Management Of Change - 813 Words

My Voice: Management of Change. There is nothing permanent except change. The present era characterized by globalization, intensified competition, privatization, rapid changes in the business environment, including economic environment, political-regulatory environment, socio-cultural environment, demographic environment, technological environment, physical environment, including changes in the micro environment of business makes for highly dynamic business environment and the need to manage change in order to survive and profit from the changes in the business environment on the part of the business firm(s). Organizational change implies planned alteration in the existing organizational system. It is made by organizing to achieve something desirable, e.g., profitability, employee satisfaction, social wellbeing etc. Organizational Change means alteration of structural relationships and the role of people in organizations. Organizational Change is a planned change because it is a conscious attempt to modify or chang e certain operations, functions or processes. Change may be made in the organizational structure, its technology, its people or in other elements. The main objective of the organizational change is to enable it to effectively achieve its objectives. The changes in the domestic and international business environment are rapid, uncertain, creating business uncertainties, and the increased emphasis on business planning, forecasting, as well as the strength,Show MoreRelatedThe Idea of National Organization Representation Essay683 Words   |  3 Pagesfamilies lie in the ability for us to speak in one voice. I support the idea of a national organization representing all of us. We organized into small groups and began to affect small change, however, in order to affect real change, a change for me and my life as well as all my fellow workers, a national organization and a national voice is needed. I am concerned that the workers of the small organizations will not be heard due to the loud voices of the larger organizations. Consequently, it isRead MoreEvaluation Of A Presentation On Presentation1240 Words   |  5 Pagesraised by the participants and ensure my answers are detailed and thorough. 2. What did not work well? The following areas didn’t work well during the presentation: †¢ Voice: due to the space of the presentation location some participants who were sitting at the back or in the corner areas are unable to hear my presentation clearly. I will arrange some audio equipment next time when I need to provide the presentation in a similar location. †¢ Time management: As I have prepared the topics very wellRead MoreAn Example Of An Improvement Project, Tools Used, And The Outcomes1391 Words   |  6 Pagespresented. Alarm management and telemetry monitoring are prominent safety goals, but the real impact came from the applied solutions that lead to improved outcomes and the avoidance of sentinel events. The information was shared between all departments and with the larger network alarm team. 4. Explain how you are a voice of the patient, family, staff, and/or physician during an improvement project. For as long as I have been a nurse I have acted on behalf of my patients, using my role as a nurseRead MorePortfolio Of Learning Assignment : Assignment814 Words   |  4 PagesARTIFACT My third artifact consists of three documents â€Å"Thomas–Kilmann questionnaire† on conflict management styles, â€Å"Observer feedback sheet† which I received from my peer after my oral presentation and â€Å"The Competent Communicator graphic†. All three documents are part of Managerial Communications course. I am choosing these documents as an artifact because it was mandatory to use these documents as an artifact as well as they reflects my learning during the course and help me to determine my efficiencyRead MoreSwot Analysis on My Preparation for Phd in Managment1332 Words   |  6 Pages PhD in Management Leadership and Organizational Change SWOT ANALYSIS Introduction In general, SWOT Analysis is applied to strategic planning for a firm of some kind. In order to successfully earn my PhD in Walden University, I should have a strategic plan analyzing myself with respect to my academic strengths, academic weaknesses, opportunities for achieving my goals and threats to achieving my goals. The SWOT Analysis will help me determine how best to plan my Walden studiesRead MoreIt 205 Hardware Replacement Project1636 Words   |  7 PagesVictor Lugo 3/29/2010 . Hardware Replacement Project The corporate offices want to change over to a new customer relationship management solution. The corporate offices are currently setup with hardware that is [Clearer writing suggestion--Remove that is] out of date and does not support the new customer relationship management application. Here are five major variables of the project management that relate to the Hardware Replacement Project include: scope, time, cost, quality and [CheckRead MoreMaaaaaa1547 Words   |  7 Pagesaffecting corporate culture †¢ Culture levels †¢ Culture levels Leadership Style Management Profile Organizational Structure Change Management †¢ Main forces †¢ Categories and change intensity †¢ Methodogy Agenda Organizational Image SOWT Analysis †¢Social Environment ïÆ' ¨ PEST Analysis †¢Task Environment ïÆ' ¨ Porter’s Five Forces Analysis †¢Internal Environment ïÆ' ¨ Value Chain Analysis Products Services †¢Voice †¢Data †¢Smart Net Customer Profiles Expectations †¢Consumer †¢Business Recommendations Read MoreReflective Self Assessment : Reflection961 Words   |  4 Pages The strong leader recognizes that an important part of information management is reflection. This self-assessment should include personal biases, desires, and preferences. Looking past personal perspectives and reviewing the data within the context out of which it arises deepens the objectivity and clarity with which the leader can observe and assess the data. Critical components that should be carefully accommodated in this reflective self-assessment are: personal biases, current mentalRead MoreA Lecture Note : Leading Change From The Middle874 Words   |  4 PagesLecture Note: Leading Change from the Middle Middle manager is much closer to the ground level and interpreting the masterpiece of change plan. The managerial model includes transactional manager and transformational leader, or maybe somewhere in-between. I think the transactional type is the basic expectation as a middle level manager that is able to carry out the daily routine and get the job done right, and capable to reengineering the process for improvement and develop the necessary proceduresRead MorePresentation Plan For A Presentation1707 Words   |  7 Pagesprojector, videos, etc computer simulations and presentations diagrams, charts and posters paper-based materials Planned presentation opener to engage audience interest â€Å"Hello! Good Morning. It’s great to meet you all. Thanks for coming here today. My name is Liz ,today I’m here to provide you the information about how to improve customer service Planned techniques to ensure continuing audience interest animation use of a guest speaker Proposed duration of presentation It will be 60 minutes

Construction industry Free Essays

In construction industry, professionals must be able to follow different rules, policies for designing and building any infrastructure. One of these is the adherence of construction professionals for sustainable design. Accordingly, the practice of enhancing the efficiency of the buildings and their use of water, materials, and energy as well as reduction of building impact on the health of the people and the environment is called sustainable designing or also known as sustainable building. We will write a custom essay sample on Construction industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now In doing so, the authorities responsible for green building adhere to this needs by conducting an effective and efficient complete building life cycle which include better sitting, designing, constructing, operation, maintenance and removal (Hopkins, 2002). Sustainable design brings together an immense array of approaches and practices to decrease or completely eliminate the negative effects of buildings on the environment. Accordingly, sustainable design can be defined as structures or buildings which have minimum or low adverse effects on both natural and build environment as well as the immediate surroundings and the wider regional and global setting. The adherence of sustainable design can affect my career in many ways. First, sustainable design trends in terms of methods and materials may have a great influence on how I consider the materials and methods that I can use for sustainable designing. being a professional who adheres to the trends of sustainable or green building I can say that this concept affects me in thinking about how the construction materials and methods will affect the occupants. Herein, I am able to determine quality and the conditions of the materials and anticipate its impacts on the health of the occupants. Secondly, this context affects my career in a way that I can be able to be more competitive I using materials which has natural benefit to the design, In this regard, I can be able to be more resourceful and environmental friendly by fitting the construction and its design procedures into the natural environment (Jones, 1998) in order to take advantage of existing free benefits like heat and light from the sun, the shading from the trees as well as the insulation from hillside topography in order to decrease the land impact and the need for non-renewable resources or wasteful use of resources. Lastly, my career can be affected by sustainable design in a way that it will help me broaden my knowledge in identifying the most appropriate and environmental-friendly technological and technical equipments. Some scholars believed that even if technology can enable people to gain sustainability, it also have the capacity to harm the environment if it will not be used cautiously. Hence, being a professional, I can be able to determine which can be used in the sustainable designing. Reference Jones, DL 1998. Architecture and the Environment, Woodstock and New York: The Overlook Press Hopkins, R. 2002. A Natural Way of Building. Transition Culture. How to cite Construction industry, Essays

IT in Tourism Industry

Question: Write a report on "IT in Tourism Industry". Answer: Introduction IT is vital for every enterprise to decrease expenses, endeavours, and time and it's far greater imperative for tourism industry as well on account that customer in this industry uses IT so much. Also, IT enhances administration exceptional and patron loyalty in tourism industry. Virtually, records technology attain tourism enterprise and make it simpler. Professionals concur that IT is an essential piece of centred operations in the commercial tourism enterprise. Similarly, IT assumes a vital part in showcasing and dissemination the tourism item. Statistics improvements anticipate a crucial component in tourism in view that its assist tourism dealer to talk with accomplices and clients. Business needs IT IT have a great impact on the tourism industry.Tourism Australia, as well as, the entire tourism industry completely relies on the Information Technology for operational tasks, as well as, for the strategic management. It likewise conveys powerful answer for meeting their customer's specific commercial enterprise needs expanding advantage and paintings rate enhancing purchaser connection and diminishing expense. In any case, Tourism Australia can depend on upon innovation with the journey and tourism industry to decorate the correspondence procedure. At the point when thinking about IT important change which IT brings in the tourism industry is spare organizations time and cash effectively and with the help of computer communicate with individuals frequently, as well as, feasibly, and people do live chat and contact with their colleagues and traders and with desiring statistics (Accorsi, 2013). IT is vital for the business survival Media and IT changed the technique for tourism. Explorers swing to the net to investigate on capability destinations and do bookings on the net. They even comprise sharing their encounters of the excursions they go to. Shoppers recognise about enterprise, as well as, journey tourism industry provide them. In previous ten years has enabled purchasers notably because if IT utilization in industry. Contrasting and attempting to find information is straightforward now and a huge variety of facts are accessible on the web. furthermore, IT provide several frameworks which beautify the execution of Tourism Australia (Alonso Northcote, 2010). For instance, GDS and CRS, which help tourism organisation to satisfy their customers. Likewise, the tourism enterprise is laid low with statistics advancements because it diminishes time, coast and endeavours of advancing and cruising tourism item inTourism Australia. In this way, it's far excessively vital, making it impossible to make use of all ass ociation of IT inside the tourism enterprise and Tourism Australia gain numerous blessings from it. Professionals concur that the fruitful undertakings depend on upon records advances to meet their customer (standing Vasudavan, 2000). Requirements to apply IT Both the personal and open divisions have occupied with diverse endeavours to boost the usage of IT inside medicinal services agencies and crosswise over consideration conveyance settings. Administrative and coins related systems that support charging, accounting, and different definitive assignments; tourism enterprise structures that empower or provides a dedication to the concept strategy; and shape the infrastructure that provide valid tourism applications. The prices of completing information era go past acquiring the improvement to giving get ready and structures assist, which logical investigations show are fundamental for accomplishment (Australia, 2016). Tourism Australia getting benefit from information era all round calls for converting work frames, which may be greater trying than the acquisition and foundation of development. Business utilises IT Tourism industry may contain hotels, eatery, and other related tourism associations. This means the sightseers need to revel their staffs because these traces that the industry wants to have incredible purchaser and delegates who can talk with their traveller and help them clear up their troubles. There are three additives within the cordiality which hotels. Carries eatery that gives beverages and sustenance excitement by using the theatre and agreement deliver via the mechanical administration ("Behaviour data generation", 2010). In the management conveyance inside the friendliness commercial enterprise and administration conveyance in distinct agencies, there are little distinctions due to the fact that they each have splendid client administration which is crucial in both business ventures, they each supply great administration to construct their profits and to guarantee that they fulfill their purchaser needs and want within the business. Benefits of IT for business The imperative IT inside the travel, as well as tourism enterprise is to get records via exploration, build the association income, to get statistics crosswise over to their clients and other related institutions, conveys remarkable pace, a contact group of an onlooker. Approximately IT is that which can make strain and strife, easy to be over applied to the organisation, but it often needs protection because it also effects enterprise profitability (Capstick, 2001). Anyways, for Tourism Australia situation without IT, the business could not hold up their base to preserve visitor and preserve the spot were visitors went. The primary point of interest of actualizing and enhancing IT in a commercial enterprise is the accelerated productivity that it brings. Tourism Australia provide a wide range of tactics or services, and provide a great deal of redundant, slight, and luxurious offers for people with the effective utilisation of IT(Frost, 2004). Computers and frameworks may be compose d and actualized to perform those techniques given strict enterprise guidelines techniques, for instance, work management location calls logging, document chronicling, and client records administration. Risk of Information Technology in business The increasing utilisation of mobile phones, capsules, and unique gadgets into businesses may decorate representative profitability, but, they communicate to an undeniable and developing security chance in Tourism Australia (Ritchie, Carr, Cooper, 2003). The safety border is an extra vulnerable restrict, and virtual lawbreakers can take advantage of numerous assault vectors to access an business enterprise's community. Just as digital crooks will misuse the expanding consumerism of IT, associations concentrated more on the augmentation of security assurance to non-corporate claimed devices to shore up their safeguards ("Developing developments in the Tourism and Hospitality industry", 2015). Disavowal of-administration on-line attacks that counteract site get admission to for approved clients, protection ruptures includes physical smash-ins and additionally online interruption, group of workers unworthiness housebreaking of statistics or sensitive records, for instance, patron detai ls. As corporations store their information on far-flung cloud servers which might be received with a customer name and secret word, they threat to lose that records to incorrect minded studying works, programmers or infections, which could hurt his business. E-trade sites gather person information is making use of treats to recognise greater about us and advise items basing on that information (Ivergard, 2000). Monitor and Maintain IT Asset Reporting: A study of tools and programming assets, and what's more thorough reviews specifying all gadgets and programming on Tourism Australia framework. Tourism Australia can in like way decisively verify and endorse what they'll require because the commercial enterprise creates. Protection of IT tracking: Via step by step checking of protection gear, planners will lighten safety problems before gatecrashers can manhandle any vulnerabilities (Lee, 2001). Automatic shape IT tracking: Deliver each second of constantly checking of your device development to guarantee your hardware is running in a perfect international. With this degree of checking, Tourism Australia pros can perceive and redress issues earlier than they have an effect on their medicinal offerings framework security (page Connell, 2010). Patch employer: Execute a security patch technique on restoration centers framework and subsequently observe fundamental patches as they get the hazard to be open. This remains up with the most recent and jogging efficaciously. Recommendations This study recommends that IT change into a vital tool in contemporary business for the improvement of the enterprise, flourishing of organisation and aggressiveness within the global industrial middle. Additionally, IT allows chiefs to do all factors of the important thing and operational management to increase the productivity of an organisation.The utilisation of data innovations in any basis ends in advanced in view that it's miles lessening time and float. Conveying first-class management inside the accommodation business may be a noteworthy check confronting friendliness supervisors in the beginning years of the subsequent thousand years. It will likely be a crucial situation for accomplishment inside the growing, definitely centred, global neighbourliness markets. While the destiny significance of conveying excellent cordiality administration is whatever but tough to perceive and to concur on, doing as such shows a few troublesome and charming administration troubles. Conclusion This study concludes that there may be a stable relationship among IT, as well as, tourism industry. In this way, tourism authorities powers ought to utilise IT as a great deal as they can. Likewise, IT facilitates tourism government powers to beautify their execution for some reasons.The primary cause is because IT encourages the correspondence among providers and customers. The second purpose is that utilising IT lessens time, price and endeavors. In this study, it has been concluded that the tourism ministries put it to use to get a attract extra customers and enlargement incomes too. The commercial enterprise world has grasped the usage of the net to complete several exchanges. Tourism Enterprise isn't any unique case. The web offers brief alternate of information among or more gatherings, the size able majority of the PC on systems talk with each other. Inside the accommodations business, using the web inside the special administrations, for instance,, reserving of motel rooms s erves a crucial ability considering that it is proficient and individuals don't need to meet up near and private. Bibliography Accorsi, R. (2013). Security in Business Process Management. It Information Technology, 55(6). Alonso, A. Northcote, J. (2010). The development of olive tourism in Western Australia: a case study of an emerging tourism industry. International Journal Of Tourism Research, 12(6), 696-708. Australia, T. (2016). Our Organisation - About Us - Tourism Australia. Tourism.australia.com. Behaviour Information Technology. (2010). Behaviour Information Technology, 29(6), ebi-ebi. Capstick, A. (2001). Building an information service: how to change your life with technology. Business Information Review, 18(3), 12-20. Frost, W. (2004). Convention tourism: international research and industry perspectives. Tourism Management, 25(2), 287. Growing Trends in the Tourism and Hospitality Industry. (2015). J Tourism Hospit, 04(03). Ivergard, T. (2000). Information technology and knowledge-based business development. Behaviour Information Technology, 19(3), 163-169. Lee, C. (2001). Modeling the business value of information technology. Information Management, 39(3), 191-210. Page, S. Connell, J. (2010). Tourism. London: SAGE. Ritchie, B., Carr, N., Cooper, C. (2003). Managing educational tourism. Clevedon [England]: Channel View Publications. Standing, C. Vasudavan, T. (2000). The Impact of Internet on Travel Industry in Australia. Tourism Recreation Research, 25(3), 45-54.

Amethyst essays

Amethyst essays The name for the mineral amethyst comes from the Greek word amethustos which means not drunken. In the first century a famous Greek god wrote that amethyst was named for its color being nearly the same as the color of wine. Early Greeks believed that drinking wine from an amethyst cup would prevent intoxication, or getting drunk. Amethyst is a purple gemstone. Iron and manganese compounds or impurities cause this purple coloration. The purple color of amethyst is due to small amounts (approximately 40 parts per million) of iron (Fe4+) impurities at certain areas in the crystal structure of quartz. The difference between amethyst and citrine is only the Oxidation State of the iron impurities in the quartz. When heated, the iron impurities are reduced and the amethyst's purple color fades and becomes yellow to reddish-orange (citrine), green, or colorless depending on the area and the original oxidation state of the iron impurities currently and the amount and time of the heating. The amethystine color usually can come back by irradiation, which re-oxidizes the iron impurities. The process can be done in a laboratory, but not often and when done is very difficult to tell that the mineral is synthetic. The color can also come back by a natural process of decomposing of a nearby radioactive mineral. This is mostly a reversible process, but constant heating can change the distribution of the iron impurities at different sites within the quartz making it impossible to convert it back to amethyst by post irradiation. The heating process can occur naturally or synthetically. Its known to be one of the most valuable quartz stones and its also known to be high in price. Amethyst is readily available in all sizes and shapes. Amethyst is made out of crystalline quartz. Crystalline quartz is a dichroic crystal and if the quartz is heated it will change the color of the mineral into yellow, creating another gemstone or mineral called c...

What are UFOs and what ties them to Extraterrestrial Life essays

What are UFO's and what ties them to Extraterrestrial Life essays The question Are We Alone in the Universe? has been brought up and speculated on for thousands of years. My answer to the above question is I dont know. I will not try to give you answers in this essay, because as of now nobody knows the answer. I will merely speculate on this subject based on the information we obtain at present. The question of UFOs and intelligent life on other planets has become very popular. UFOs stand for Unidentified Flying Objects, which are any object in the sky that the viewer cannot recognize. Many scientists believe that we cannot be alone in the universe. There have been many unreported sightings of UFOs. Many of them however are found to be hoaxed or misperceptions. However among the thousands and thousands of sightings surely some of them have to be genuine. Some researchers believe that there were UFO sightings in ancient times. The evidence however is highly speculative. The next significant reports came into existence during World War I and there were also reports during World War II. Many people point out that UFOs do not and cannot exist and quote Physics and science to back them up. But we have to realize that we can only attempt to describe the universe in terms relative to things that we can measure. Just because UFO has not definitely been measured (as far as we officially know) does not prove they do not exist. John G. Fuller in the book UFOs? Yes! says I would point out that we have always been bombarded by certain wavelengths of radio as universal background noise from the edge of the universe. Until we discovered a way to generate and use radio for our own purposes, we had no way to know of its existence out there...Now that technology exists to listen, we can use that information to add to the description of the universe. Who knows how many other means of describing the univers...

Keynesian Model and Macroeconomic policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Keynesian Model and Macroeconomic policy - Essay Example This essay outlines main foundations of the theory of John Maynand Keynes, one of the most renowned economic thinker of all time. According to his theory, aggregate demand is subject to periodic changes caused by changes in the determinants of aggregate demand.Aggregate demand is unstable because prices and wages are downwardly inflexible. This decline has no effect on price level but real output falls and can remain at its equilibrium indefinitely. It is necessary for governments to intervene and manage the level of demand in the economy in order to obtain and retain full employment. In other words, unless careful measures are taken to offset increase in aggregate demand, real output may remain below full employment. At times of recession, high unemployment levels, and low investments in new equipments and machinery together with low levels of technology characterize the economy. When in a recession, Aggregate demand is low in that the sales are low, high unemployment that the jobs suffer meaning that the population has no money ad therefore low spending. To recover from a recession, private business investments and governments hold the key because the consumers have limited amounts of money in their hands and therefore they are not the cause of ups and downs of the business cycle. To remedy a recession, the Keynesians can enlarge the levels of investments in the economy or the governments can create public substitutes for the shortages in private investments because the government provides some utility goods for free. Also if the economy contractions are mild, the interest rates can be reduced to induce more borrowing and provide easy credit/loan. This will help to stimulate private investment and restore aggregate demand to a level rhyming with full employment. For severe contractions, the Sterner remedy of deliberate budget deficits can be employed either in the form of spending on public works e.g. free education, health, transport or subsidizing the consumer. A fiscal policy is a government activity that concerns taxation and public spending. These are the government's tools in their hands in economic policies like maintaining economic growth. A fiscal policy can be expansionary or contractionary. Expansionary fiscal policy In this case GDP expands. Usually the government reduces/cut the taxation level.

MANAGING CHANGE AND CREATIVITY IN ORGANIZATIONS Assignment

MANAGING CHANGE AND CREATIVITY IN ORGANIZATIONS - Assignment Example Human resource management plays a critical role in defining business performance and productivity. It has a direct impact on the organizational success and market positioning within a highly competitive environment. People are the key assets instrumental in stimulating business growth and development. Human resource management has assumed increased significance in devising corporate strategies and enhancing organizational efficiency. The present economic environment has exposed the organizations to a number of challenges that includes structuring business processes to adapt to rapidly changing market dynamics and operating environment. Successful organizations are founded on principles of creativity and innovation within the work environment that provides the companies with the competitive edge to win strategic battles for market share and positioning. Organizations in today’s world operate in a dynamic environment that is driven by the globalization of economies, increased technology innovations and consumer demands. The changing demographics of the markets are responsible for large scale adaptations in product design, delivery and business processes. Most organizations today face the challenge of leading change management process. It is widely accepted that competent change management can help businesses transform their operational procedures, outlook and approach towards more effective and efficient means of delivering goods and services. A company in order to harness its strengths and core competencies to gain competitive edge must be able to identify them. One of the primary challenges facing the recruiter is to identify the key skills and competencies required by the organization to execute its tasks and objectives. A vital aspect of core competency development within organizations relates to training and development of

Managing people at work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing people at work - Research Paper Example Further, this move was based on the fact that teachers and principals are the people who interact directly with the students, and they are far much aware of the decisions that can work best for the students. This was supposed to add value to the quality of education that students received, without any restrains from the availability of resources. Notably, the federation was for the improved decision making that was school based as long as the approach did not jeopardize excellence and equity of schools, the curriculum that is statewide and staffing and resources guarantees. Further, the approach should not tamper with the entitlements and rights of teachers’ employment, as well as the primacy of the role of the principal who is the leader of education in schools (Mulheron 2012, p.3). This approach was to emphasize the primacy and significance of consultation, which should be genuine at all levels without a single compromise. Consultation approach received a warm welcome from t he NSW, and it had been incorporated in their recent education training programs. This approach had grand ambitions of eliminating the impositions of political agendas in schools; agendas that were predetermined by the politicians and policy makers. Apparently, it is essential that people should support the implementation of the NSW ideas to ensure that all children receive equal opportunities in schools, as well as receive high quality training. It imperative to note that, rejecting such a brilliant idea would send the society back to the dark days where some schools were residualized, and parents took their children when they were out of choices (NSW Teachers Federation 2011, p. 3). The core objective of this approach is to eliminate and avoid the emergence of a society that depends on wealth, parental influence and power to determine the opportunities of children, in schools and other education institutions. Rather, the approach compels the government to guarantee that all childr en receive equal chances and opportunities to receive the best quality education. Further, the NSW reform that was developed alongside the approach had crucial roles in the whole process, which included rebuilding and restoring the education system of the public to its original reputation. The ongoing debate found momentum when the minister for education conducted a process of consultation to devolve the making of decisions that affect schools to school communities, principals and teachers (Argyrous 2010, p. 39). These standards were supposed to apply in the process of provision of education services to students of the public schools in NSW. The federation of NSW teachers supports the implementation of policies that improve the principal’s capacity to deliver high quality of education to students (Chapman 1990, p. 48). However, this policy would remain viable as long as it did not diminish or undermine the excellence and equity for all schools and students. Further, the appro ach was supposed to guarantee staffing, resources and statewide curriculum to all schools and individuals (Smyth 1993, p. 53). Other considerations included the entitlements of teachers’ for employment and the educational leadership of the principal. On the contrary, those who oppose to the approach claim that increased autonomy of schools and the authority of principal will accentuate the disparity between schools, as well as have all the commonalities disregarded. Apparently, the supporters of this

A Dolls House Noras Emancipation Proclamation English Literature Essay

A Dolls House Noras Emancipation Proclamation English Literature Essay A Dolls House, by Henrik Ibsen, demonstrates the powerful independence of the constrained and confined wife figure, Nora. The symbolism of the macaroons, the lamp, costumes, the Christmas tree, the lark and Noras departure demonstrate the characterization of Nora as an individual who is at first treated like an object, but later fights as a woman who wants to live for her own merit. Her husband Torvald sets the typical standard of a man who controls and manipulates his wife like a doll, Noras break from the oppressors in her life are unheard of at the time the play was written; Nora thus being an exceptional individual who was ready to emancipate herself from a male driven household. Early in the play, Nora subconsciously seeks her own freedom. She craves macaroons which her husband explicitly forbids her to eat. Despite this, she often sneaks them anyways for her own pleasure. Hasnt Miss Sweet Tooth been breaking rules in town today? Taken a bite at a macaroon or two? (Ibsen 1091) The macaroons and Dr. Ranks love for her are symbolic for an escape from Torvalds dominant nature. Nora acknowledges that Dr. Rank loves her and is thoroughly aware of it; however, she refuses to tell her husband and keeps it secret from him, just like the macaroons. Though Nora does not turn on Torvald and leave with Dr. Rank, she acknowledges him as a friend, which effectively brings forth camaraderie between the two that is separate from Torvalds grasp. Noras persona is brought forth as a doll to be dressed up according to her masters whims. Noras father would consistently be unhappy and disgruntled with her if her opinions differed from his own, and she was later haunted by forging her fathers signature as well as Krogstads loan, even if it was just to help her husband. Perhaps she is afraid to tell Torvald because it would demean him as a man to know he owed anything to his wife. Nora states, How painful and humiliating it would be for Torvald, with his manly independence, to know that he owed me anything! (Ibsen 1128) Her husband also further established the idea of Nora as a doll of his own. He dressed her up in costumes for their masquerade. This dress up is also seen in the Christmas tree that Nora and Torvald decorate. Like their marriage, the beauty and light of the Christmas tree is a faà §ade. Torvald often enjoyed calling Nora his little lark, Miss. Obstinate, my little squirrel, my little songbird. This terminology reaffirms that though he felt she was endearing and cute, her desires ultimately were subordinate to his own. This is especially true in the symbolism of the lark. Torvald questions Nora, Is that my little lark twittering out there? (Ibsen 1137). Birds are typically a symbol of flight and freedom, for him to compare her to a bird becomes ironic due to the lack of freedom he gives her in their home environment. She lives by and for her husband, in his house, with her wings clipped. Towards the end of the play, Nora has an epiphany and brings forth the claim that thought she has been oppressed her whole life, she no longer will be. Our home has been nothing but a play-room. Ive been your doll-wife here, just as at home I was Papas doll-child (Ibsen 1146). For Nora, this realization is vital to her development as a free woman. The two primary men in her life, her father and Torvald, have been treating her not as equal persons, but as a plaything. Torvald states, I wouldnt be a man if I didnt find you twice as attractive because of your womanly helplessness (Ibsen 1143). The ugliness and falsities of their love have also come forth when Torvald reveals how its Noras job to be solely, helplessly rely on her husband. This is brought forth especially in the symbolism of the Christmas tree. Like their marriage, it was thought to be beautiful and ornate, but is now ugly and desolate after the truth is revealed. Though Torvald descents and says that Nora has an equally important duty as a mother and wife, this does not sway Noras resolve. She proclaims, I have another duty equally sacred (Ibsen 1147). The duty Nora speaks of is the duty of self-actualization. She wants to be recognized as her own person, not just as a wife or a mother. This ideology was very much considered blasphemy at the time the play was written; however, now one can look at it as one of the first steps toward the feminist movement. Noras ending scenes demonstrate the validity and reality of her break from her oppressors. She goes so far as to say she cannot spend another night in a strangers household, showing that her husband never really knew her. Torvald feels Noras deceit would poison the children, stating, I shall not allow you to bring up the children; I dare not trust them to you (Ibsen 1142). This is Torvalds way of stripping Nora of her motherhood. Nora, however, realizes that it was not her debt that would poison the children, but rather the treatment of the children that would poison them. If it continued, they would become dolls like her. Along with the Christmas tree being stripped and dismantled, Nora also changes out of her tarantella costume. The costume that Torvold adored and made him feel so in love with her. She leaves the disguise of her costume and exposes her true self. This is symbolic of Noras departure from a man who enjoyed making her dress up for his amusement. I pretend you are my s ecret love, my young, secret bride-to-be, and nobody has the slightest suspicion that there is anything between us (Ibsen 1137). Torvalds fantasies of Nora in some sort of peril, almost a different person, show the illusion and faà §ade behind their marriage. Torvald believes in his honor as a man; he does not consider the validity and moral backing behind Noras loan until its too late. He reprimands Nora until he realizes she wont be charged. Only when his reputation is not at stake is he willing to make amends. This is characteristic of a man who loves his wife when it best suites him, instead of a man who loves his wife through turmoil. Torvald exclaims, What a horrible awakening! All these eight yearsshe who was my joy and pridea hypocrite, a liarworse, worsea criminal! (Ibsen 1142) Nora sacrifices incredibly for Torvald, but he is not willing to repay the favor because of his honor, even willing to disgrace her. Torvald also says, Nora, I would gladly work for your sake. But no man can be expected to sacrifice his honor, even for the person he loves (Ibsen 1111). Noras rebuttal shows that his hypocrisy is sex based, and that women give for their husbands all their life. Millions of women have done it (Ibsen 1149). This shows that Nor a recognizes that she and many women of her time sacrifice for their husband to the point of it being excessive and unfair. By the end of the play, Nora has entirely realized that she can no longer survive as a doll to be toyed and paraded around. She slams the door behind her after announcing to Torvald that she wants nothing to do with him anymore. By shutting the door on Torvald and her family, Nora opens a new door to a life where she can live how she wants. She could never love Torvald unless he treated her like an equal, not a doll. Nora left a man who looked at her like a commodity or a pet, his little lark. She did what most women even in the modern era do not have the courage to do; she broke free.

Emerson Defines Beauty in The Poet Essay -- Emerson Poet Essays

Emerson Defines Beauty in The Poet Just what is beauty? We all have our own definition of beauty because everyone has there own distinctive style and attractiveness. Therefore, we must respect why some people find beauty in things while others would not simply because beauty is truly in the eyes of the beholder. Now we all are attracted to all sorts of things, but have you ever asked yourself why? Is it simply because it is beautiful or does the meaning go beyond that? I tend to believe the latter is true so lets take love for example. It is the most beautiful thing in the world because you get a sense of being, are likely attracted to the person you are in love with, it stimulates you and you probably feel complete. However, beauty does not always have to be attractive or unique it is what taps into your emotions and causes you to want more and more. Emerson defines beauty in a totally different light. He believes that only a poet can truly capture beauty because only a poet has the vision, words and intelligence to interpret events and put them into a form that is so appealing to the eyes of readers. Emerson does have a point that poets do have a way with words, but what about the average individual? Everyone has their own way of expressing feelings, needs and emotion, and that is the beauty of it all. On the other hand Emerson argues that poets can only truly define beauty and express it with elegant wording. In addition, he believes that everyday events of life are beautiful when he says, "And this hidden truth, that the fountains whence all this river of Time, and its creatures floweth, are intrinsically ideal and beautiful, draws us to the consideration of the nature and functions of the Poet, or the man of Beau... ...eauty because he sees it, understands it and thoughts of it roll off his head and never stop coming. Beauty is and will always stimulate the mind. Ultimately the burden lies in the poets hands to paint a picture which in turn will stimulate the readers imagination, and the reader may even find a deeper meaning if the poet writes a poem so effectively that the reader is left wondering and questioning themselves. Everyone has a different definition of beauty and that is perfectly fine because no two people are the same. Beauty may not always be appealing at first but since a poet has a way with words and thoughts he could probably turn just about anything into a new light and thus seen as beautiful. WORKS CITED Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The Poet. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston, New york: houghton mifflin, 1998. Emerson Defines Beauty in The Poet Essay -- Emerson Poet Essays Emerson Defines Beauty in The Poet Just what is beauty? We all have our own definition of beauty because everyone has there own distinctive style and attractiveness. Therefore, we must respect why some people find beauty in things while others would not simply because beauty is truly in the eyes of the beholder. Now we all are attracted to all sorts of things, but have you ever asked yourself why? Is it simply because it is beautiful or does the meaning go beyond that? I tend to believe the latter is true so lets take love for example. It is the most beautiful thing in the world because you get a sense of being, are likely attracted to the person you are in love with, it stimulates you and you probably feel complete. However, beauty does not always have to be attractive or unique it is what taps into your emotions and causes you to want more and more. Emerson defines beauty in a totally different light. He believes that only a poet can truly capture beauty because only a poet has the vision, words and intelligence to interpret events and put them into a form that is so appealing to the eyes of readers. Emerson does have a point that poets do have a way with words, but what about the average individual? Everyone has their own way of expressing feelings, needs and emotion, and that is the beauty of it all. On the other hand Emerson argues that poets can only truly define beauty and express it with elegant wording. In addition, he believes that everyday events of life are beautiful when he says, "And this hidden truth, that the fountains whence all this river of Time, and its creatures floweth, are intrinsically ideal and beautiful, draws us to the consideration of the nature and functions of the Poet, or the man of Beau... ...eauty because he sees it, understands it and thoughts of it roll off his head and never stop coming. Beauty is and will always stimulate the mind. Ultimately the burden lies in the poets hands to paint a picture which in turn will stimulate the readers imagination, and the reader may even find a deeper meaning if the poet writes a poem so effectively that the reader is left wondering and questioning themselves. Everyone has a different definition of beauty and that is perfectly fine because no two people are the same. Beauty may not always be appealing at first but since a poet has a way with words and thoughts he could probably turn just about anything into a new light and thus seen as beautiful. WORKS CITED Emerson, Ralph Waldo. The Poet. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. 3rd ed. Ed. Paul Lauter. Boston, New york: houghton mifflin, 1998.

Short Essays on Reading

Inquiry Question: Does an online bachelors degree have the same quality as a bachelors degree at a physical university/ college? I am considering a few different professionals when it comes to interviews. One person that interest me is Professor Leonard Albright. This is because he teaches a wide variety of classes, all of which are in education. The other person I cam interested in interviewing is Dan Robinson the director of the education department at CSU.He would be acceptable candidate because he deals with not only students within the department but branches out to other institutions of higher learning. I am also considering talking to a worker at the administration office. This is because they deal with not only incoming students from high school, but also graduate students seeking different types of education. I may also try to find a graduate of both a bachelors degree from an institution and a graduate from an online university. This is because they have first hand experien ces with the programs.The final person I am interested in interviewing is someone who works for an online education program. They have experience with their online programs, and can give a well detailed input to how their students earn a degree. This list of professionals are stakeholders because they are the ones dealing with higher education, and weather or not they can have enough eligible students that can take on the real word. To get in contact with these professionals I am going to send out emails of my inquiry question.I will also explain the project and why it is worth their time to answer a few question I have. Some of the online institutions also have numbers where you can reach their workers, professors, and directors. So i will be able to call them asking for an interview. Some of my questions will include the following: 1. How many classes/ and or credits does one need to complete to earn a bachelors degree at your institution? 2. Do you notice any positive or negative effects from any of the classes offered to your students? . Was there any outside factors that drove students to come to this institution? (money, family background ect.. ) 4. Do you believe that the education today in too challenging, just right, or too easy for todays graduates? 5. What credits can transfer equally to your university? (i. e online to an actual institution or an institution to online. ) 6. Do you recommend taking college credits online? 7. How many of your alumni with bachelors degrees have an income, or decently paying job in their degree?

5 big mistakes Googles head of HR sees on resumes

5 big mistakes Googles head of HR sees on resumes It’s a real truism in life: We often learn best from mistakes- both our mistakes and those that others have made. Humans are creatures of â€Å"trial and error†- we bravely take risks and try out new things. Sometimes we meet success; other times we hit unexpected obstacles and find failure. This tendency to make mistakes impacts all facets of life- including our search for a new job. Talk with any HR professional or hiring manager and ask them if they have any stories of folks who have absolutely fumbled the opportunity to get a new job, and chances are you’ll hear a bunch of them. Some are funny, others odd, and some will be downright sad but they’ll all have something in common- the person likely made a bad choice or neglected to do something they should have, and it wound up wrecking their chances for success.The unfortunate truth is that some people make mistakes at the very beginning of the job hunt- on their resumes- and take themselves out of conte ntion before even getting started. It happens more than you realize, and in countless ways!In fact, resume gaffes are such a pervasive problem that Laszlo Bock, former Senior Vice President of People Operations at Google, wrote a LinkedIn article about it, entitled â€Å"The Biggest Mistakes I see on Resumes and How to Correct Them.† Bock estimates that he’s personally reviewed over 20,000 resumes, so he certainly knows what he’s talking about.Let’s take a look at what he says are five of the biggest mistakes that he’s seen on resumes so you can avoid them on your job hunt.1. Bad formattingWhen it comes to foolish resume formatting Bock has seen it all, from wildly â€Å"creative† designs and outlandish fonts to splashes of color and crazy margins, all done in an effort to try and stand out from other resumes and grab the reader’s attention. Unfortunately- what you may earn in attention grabbing could cost you in another key area- eff ectively, clearly, and professionally conveying your background, experience, and skill set.Artistic bells and whistles simply don’t work on resumes. A clean, legible, and professional looking document is what works best. If you want to be taken seriously in the job market, save the creativity for your next arts and crafts project.2. Careless typosIt’s a real shame that such an avoidable problem like resume typos is such a pervasive issue, but Bock reports that a surprisingly high percentage of the resumes he’s reviewed, for positions at all levels, contain pesky typos. And good luck being taken seriously during the job hiring process if the first impression you make is someone who can’t be bothered to put in the extra effort to get such an important document correct. Typos are absolute resume killers, so be completely sure that yours is error free and in perfect shape before sending it out.3. Excessive lengthThis is a trickier problem, because the longer you’re in the job market the more things you’ll have to say about yourself. However if your document reads more like a novel then a resume, chances are it’ll either get ignored or glossed over and key parts will get overlooked. Bock has a great rule of thumb for resume length- 1 page for every 10 years of experience. Do your best to stick to this guideline, and remember that you’ll have an opportunity to say more about yourself on interviews- if you make it that far.4. Leaking confidential informationThis doesn’t happen very often, but when it does it raises big red flags. If you’ve worked with a company that handles sensitive information or have had jobs with which you’ve had confidentiality agreements, be very careful about what you put on your resume. If you cross the line and the hiring manager figures it out, your chances of moving to the next stage of the hiring process are slim to none.5. LiesHopefully this one’s obvious ! Despite what you may have heard, there are no such things as â€Å"good lies† when it comes to your resume. If you get caught making something up on your resume, there’s just no way to explain it away or cover up for it. Your chances of getting a job with a resume built on lies- no matter how small or insignificant- are effectively obliterated. Even if you wind up getting the job, if your lie is figured out sometime later you could even lose your job. Bottom line- lying is just not a good way to search for your next job.There you have it: Five of the biggest resume mistakes according to a real industry veteran and insider. Make sure you’re not committing any of these gaffes before you send out your next resume, and you’ll be one step ahead of the job-hunting crowd.

What Is a Double Major Is a Double Major Right for You

What Is a Double Major Is a Double Major Right for You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Going to college can sometimes feel like a series of tough decisions. Not only do you have to take standardized tests like the ACT or SAT, you also have to decide which colleges to apply to and write (practically) a million applications! After all of that, picking your major sometimes feels like the easy part. But not so fast! Many schools offer a variety of majoring opportunities, including a degree path referred to as a double major where you concentrate in not one, but two different subjects. This guide will take the mystery out of what it means to double major! We’ll explore the ins and outs of the degree path, including: Defining what a double major is...and what it isn’t, Discussing the pros and cons of double majoring, and finally, Helping you figure out whether a double major is the right choice for you. So without further ado...let’s dive in! Priscilla Du Preez/Unsplash What Is a Double Major? A Brief Introduction Simply put: a double major is one bachelor’s degree with two concentrations, which are more commonly known as majors. But what does that mean, exactly? First, you need to understand the differences between a degree and a major. The Bachelor’s Degree Universities offer a number of degree programs at three different levels: the bachelor’s degree, the master’s degree, and the doctoral degree. The first degree you earn is a bachelor’s degree, which takes approximately four years to complete. There are different types of bachelor’s degrees awarded depending on your major. The two most common bachelor’s degrees are the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) and the Bachelor of Science (B.S.) A Bachelor of Arts is earned in any liberal arts related field. These include studies like history, philosophy, English, and foreign language. A Bachelor of Science is earned in science-related fields of study, like biology, chemistry, physics, and mathematics. Some universities offer additional bachelor’s degrees, like Princeton’s Bachelor of Science in Engineering (B.S.E) or the University of Pennsylvania’s Bachelor of Applied Science (B.A.S). Regardless of what the degree is called, the most important thing to remember is that a bachelor’s degree is what you earn for completing all of your university’s requirements for a four-year undergraduate degree. The Major A major is a distinct area of concentrated study within your degree field. (Now that you know what a degree is, we bet this makes more sense!) So you can think of a major as an area of study within the scope of a degree! Here’s an example to make this even more clear: let’s say you go to Harvard because you want to be an engineer. But wait! There are multiple types of engineering, all of which require different knowledge and skills. That’s why Harvard offers seven different engineering majors: applied mathematics, biomedical engineering, computer science, electrical engineering, engineering sciences, environmental science engineering, and mechanical engineering. Since you want to work in cloud computing, you’ll probably choose to major in computer science...and once you meet all the program’s requirements, you’ll graduate with a Bachelor of Science degree! The Double Major When you double major, you will be getting a single degree/diploma that lists concentrations in two majors. In other words, as a double major you will complete the graduation requirements for two separate majors, both of which are in a single degree field. Here’s what we mean: let’s say you want to go into politics, and you hope to work abroad as part of the U.S. Embassy in France. To do this, you know that you need a political science degree and you need to be bilingual in French. Luckily for you, your university offers a B.A. in French and a B.A. in Political Science. This could be a tricky situation if you had to choose between one major and another- it would be hard to determine which course of study is most important! That’s why most universities offer a double major: it lets you fulfill the requirements for both fields of study, both of which will appear on your diploma. So someone who only majors in political science will earn a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science, whereas your double major will result in a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science and French! But what does that look like from a practical perspective? Let’s take a look! Meet Sophia, who has just been admitted to Cornell University. She’s decided that she wants to double major in history and philosophy (which are both part of the Bachelor of Arts degree). As part of The College of Arts Sciences, Sophia’s first job will be to complete all of the college’s core requirements for graduation. After looking at the list, Sophia knows she will have to take at least sixteen classes as part of her core. After that, Sophia takes a look at what classes she needs to take to major in history and philosophy. The history department will require her to take nine history courses to earn a major, and a philosophy major requires a minimum of eight philosophy courses. In order to earn a double major, Sophia will have to meet all the criteria for each major as well as finish her core studies. While earning a double major might seem daunting, it’s definitely an achievable goal. In fact, 12.5% of college students graduated with a double major in 2015. We’ll talk a little more about how to decide if a double major is right for you in just a second, but first, let’s look at what a double major isn’t. sboneham/Flickr What a Double Major Isn’t A double major isn’t the only alternative to a â€Å"typical† four-year degree offered by most universities. (Yep, that’s right- there are even more choices!) While we’re only focusing on double majoring in this article, it’s important to have a brief understanding of the alternatives to avoid confusion! A Double Major Isn’t a Dual Degree A dual degree is exactly what it sounds like: instead of earning one degree with multiple concentrations, you will earn two separate degrees in two separate fields! This happens when a student completes the requirements for majors that confer separate degrees. For example, let’s say a student wants to study art history and biology. Because art history is a Bachelor of Arts and biology is a Bachelor of Science, this person will earn two separate diplomas (a B.A. and a B.S)! Dual degrees are considerably more rare than double majors because a student has to earn two separate degrees that often require different core courses. If students are interested in another area that falls outside of their degree field, many choose to earn a minor rather than a dual degree. A Double Major Isn’t a Minor The best way to think about a minor is as a â€Å"mini major† in another area of study that interests you! Minors usually require four to six additional courses, and they are specifically designed to help students develop a little more knowledge in another area of interest. That’s why minors are sometimes called â€Å"secondary† emphases! For many students, a minor lets them dig into a field that complements their major field of study. For example, someone studying American history might minor in African-American studies, especially if they’re interested in the Civil Rights movement. The important thing to remember is that a minor is like dipping your toe into a subject, while a major involves gaining in-depth knowledge. That difference is reflected in your degree. While a double major lists both areas of study equally, a minor is noted as such- if it appears on your degree at all. That means a double major carries more weight, which can be very important depending on your future career! A Double Major Isn’t an Emphasis Some majors require a student to pick an emphasis within the major itself. Unlike a minor, which is usually earned as part of a different program, an emphasis is a concentration on a specific subject area within a single major. For instance, many English majors are required to pick an emphasis because the field is so broad. These can be a certain time period, a certain genre, or even a specific skill (like grammar)! The goal of an emphasis is to offer more tailored study within a major without requiring additional coursework. Unlike a minor, which is totally optional, emphases are often required to earn certain degrees. For example, if you’re majoring in education, your department might require you to choose an emphasis like elementary education, secondary education, or even special education. Areas of emphasis vary between departments and universities, but keep in mind that an emphasis is the least intensive addition to a â€Å"typical† four-year degree. In terms of order of importance, a major carries more weight than a minor, which carries more weight than an emphasis! Put another way, a second major gives you much more in-depth knowledge about a subject than either a minor or an emphasis. Max Pixel/Max Pixel 5 Pros to Double Majoring Now that you know exactly what a double major is (and isn’t!), let’s talk about the perks of double majoring. #1: You’ll Develop Unique Critical Thinking Skills One of the cool things about being a double major is that you get to learn a lot about two subjects that really interest you. But that also means that you’ll have to learn to think in many different ways since the problem-solving strategies you’ll need to succeed in your first major are probably a little different than the ones you’ll develop for your second major. For example, let’s say you’re majoring in biology and chemistry. While many of the fundamental scientific concepts are the same, you’ll definitely have to use different skills to learn human anatomy than you’ll use when balancing equations! This helps you stretch your brain in new ways, which will make you a better critical thinker, strategist, and problem solver. #2: A Little Extra Work Can Reap Big Rewards This is especially true if you’re double majoring in related fields. Most schools allow you to count a certain number of classes toward two requirements. For example, if you take a sophomore-level chemistry course as part of your chemistry major, it might also count toward a molecular biology major, too! Because you can sometimes double-dip to fulfill certain major requirements, the difference between a single and a double major can sometimes be reduced to just a few courses. That’s why it’s important to plan ahead no matter what major you choose- you definitely don’t want such a prime opportunity to pass you by because you found out about it too late! #3: Double Majors Make You Stand Out in the Job Market It’s no secret that today’s job market is tough, especially for new graduates. A double major can definitely help you stand out from the crowd. Not only does it offer a business a second area of expertise, it demonstrates your ability to plan ahead, work hard, and overcome challenges. Additionally, your second major will allow you to bring unique and valuable skills to the table that your peers don’t have. All of this combines to make you a more competitive candidate for better jobs! Double majors can also give you a leg up if you’re applying to graduate school. Not only does it show that you can manage an intense workload- and make no mistake, graduate school is much harder than earning an undergraduate degree- it also shows admissions committees that you’ll bring new ideas to their department. This is especially true if you have a unique double major combination! For instance, a competitive Master’s of Business Administration program will likely find someone who double majored in advertising and psychology a more compelling candidate than someone with just a single business-related major. Nick Youngson/PicPedia.org #4: You’ll Have More Career Opportunities When you have to majors, you effectively open up a second career path. Your second major opens up more opportunities, which can be incredibly useful if you’re dream job is in a competitive industry. Here’s an instance of how this can work. Steven majored in geology and statistics. He had hoped to work as a petroleum geologist, but new laws and trade agreements have made those jobs pretty scare. Instead, Steven applies for (and land!) a role as a risk analyst for a major oil company. Now that he’s gaining experience in the oil and gas industry, Steven will be an excellent candidate for any geologist position that becomes available in the future. Additionally, a second major can help you secure more unique career opportunities. For example, someone who majors in Spanish and marketing has put themselves in a fantastic position to enter the growing Spanish-language advertising industry. Your second major will make you a much better candidate for a position like this than if you’d majored in Spanish or marketing alone. #5: You’ll Develop a New Perspective One of the amazing things that happens when you study new ideas is that it gives you a new, innovative perspective on existing problems. For instance, did you know that Susan Wojcicki, the CEO of YouTube, studied English and history at Harvard? Or that Rashida Jones- also a Harvard alum- graduated with a degree in religion and philosophy? Double majoring gives you a robust knowledge base lets you see things from fresh angles, which leads to unique ideas, concepts, and solutions that other people would have missed! That’s not only important for a successful career...it can help you change the world, too. 5 Cons to Double Majoring Now that we’ve discussed the pretty awesome perks of a double major, let’s take a closer look at some of the drawbacks of double majoring. #1: You Have to Plan Ahead We mentioned this already, but it bears repeating: if you want to double major, you absolutely must plan ahead. That means more than just looking at class offerings before you can register. We’re talking sitting down with your advisor the first weeks of your freshman year and mapping out your course of study for the next four years. Furthermore, you need to understand the requirements of each major from the get-go so that you can figure out how to maximize your courses. For instance, how many can count toward both majors? Are there summer courses you can take to help speed things along? These are just some of the questions you need to think about to make sure you’re making the most of your time and money. #2: It Can Take Longer to Graduate Is it possible to graduate with a double major in four years? Absolutely! But it takes careful planning, like using your elective credits toward your major. The four-year degree plan also gets more complicated if your majors are extremely different. For example, if you’re majoring in Middle Eastern Studies and sociology, you probably won’t have many classes that can count toward both programs. That can add eight (or more!) courses to your schedule, which might require an additional semester or two to complete. #3: Double Majoring Can Make College More Expensive Speaking of money...double majoring can be more expensive than earning a traditional degree because you’ll have to take additional courses. This means more than just a hike in tuition: you also need to consider the cost of books, supplies, and even gas if you’re traveling to campus more than usual. (This is especially important since many scholarships and grants only cover tuition!) Also, keep in mind that the total cost of college increases with each additional year it takes to finish school. While one year might not seem like a long time, it’s another year of rent, utilities, and food. This can add thousands of dollars to the total cost of your degree, so make sure you’re planning both your course load and your budget carefully. #4: You’ll Have Less Time to Explore Other Interests Many students opt to use their elective credits to help knock out some of the requirements for their second major. This is a great plan, but it also means that you won’t have the opportunity to take classes that interest you just for the sake of learning more about the topic. (Electives credits exist to serve this very purpose!) So if there’s a geology course on dinosaurs or an astrology class on sunspots that you’d love to take, you might have to pass so you can put that time and money toward your second major instead. #5: It Can Be Hard to Participate in Activities Outside the Classroom For many students, one of the most exciting parts of college are the things that happen outside of the classroom. Whether that’s cheering on your football team or joining an all-campus choir, universities provide students tons of extracurricular opportunities to learn, play, and grow. But when you’re double majoring, your time is precious; it can be hard to find enough time to join extracurricular activities and make good grades in your courses. If having a complete â€Å"college experience† is important to you, you might reconsider whether a double major is the right fit for you. Esther Tuttle/Unsplash How to Determine If You Should Double Major Perhaps you’re still on the fence about whether you should double major. Never fear: we’ve created a quiz to help you gain some clarity about whether a double major is right for you! Take a few minutes and answer each of the following questions. Make sure you’re being honest with yourself, especially since there are no right or wrong answers. When you open my school planner, you see: Detailed notes everywhere. My planner runs my life! I write down the major stuff. I carry it around with good intentions, but it’s pretty empty. When it comes to projects, I: Start a month ahead of time. Start thinking about it when it’s assigned, but I won’t start working on it until a week before it’s due. Pull a few all-nighters to get it in before deadline. Picking a major is overwhelming because: I have too many interests! It’s too hard to narrow down what I want to do. I want to have a chance to take classes in a few subjects before I make such an important decision. I’m pretty sure I’ll change my mind five times before classes start. I’d rather: Be early than late. Be right on time. Arrive once the party has started. How did you feel about meeting with your guidance counselor? I met with her a few more times than I needed to because I wanted to make sure I was on track. The meetings we had were helpful and brief. I thought they were a waste of my time. If I graduated in more than four years, I would: Not be super happy about it, but as long as I was setting myself up for success, I’d manage. I would do it if I had to, but graduating on time is pretty important to me.I want to get in and out of college in four years. I have big plans for my career, and I want to get started as soon as possible. Would you consider doing summer school? Sure! I took classes at the local community college in high school. Yes, but only if I had to in order to graduate on time or raise my GPA. It’s not an option for me. Okay, now it’s time to score your quiz! If Your Answers Are Mostly 1's You’re a great fit for a double major. You have a strong vision for what you want to achieve during college and after graduating. You’re also a very organized person who appreciates a good plan, which is critical when you’re double majoring since half the battle is sticking to your educational road map! It also sounds like you’re no stranger to hard work, which is important since double majoring means you’ll be taking harder classes more often. If Your Answers Are Mostly 2's A double major is still a good fit, but you might have to work on your study and/or organizational habits. If you answered mostly twos, you have all the fundamental skills it takes to be a double major! You’re a good student, take an active role in your education, and know what it means to work hard. But the increased workload of a double major means you’ll have to plan farther ahead than your used to. For example, starting projects a week in advance only works if you have one project due, but most college courses require either a final exam or a final project as a major part of the course grade. You’ll have to learn to be a little more proactive about both your study habits and your schedule if you decide to double major. If Your Answers Were Mostly 3's Think about minoring instead. It sounds like you’re not 100% sure about what you want to major in, much less what you’d like your future career to be. And you know what? That’s totally fine! Many people use their first year in college to explore their options before settling on a major or a career path. But because double majoring requires a lot of forethought and planning, it might make more sense to think about a minor instead. That way you can use your electives to follow your passions before deciding what you’d like to study! Anika Huizinga/Unsplash The Bottom Line: Is a Double Major Right for You? Even though double majoring is hard work, it’s far from impossible! But it is definitely a big commitment that requires planning, preparedness, and persistence. But earning a double major can definitely pay off, especially once you enter the job market. Right now, take some time to think about what you want your life to look like in ten years. Is a double major a critical step in achieving your dreams? As you consider your decision, don’t be afraid to talk to your parents, teachers, and counselors. They know you best and can give you valuable advice about whether a double major is right for you. Next Steps If you’re still not sure about what to major in, check out this handy guide that helps you determine what majors might be right for you as well as our list of relatively low-key college majors. Regardless of where you go to college, the goal of a university degree is to train you for your career. But not all job prospects are created equal. This list walks you through 26 majors with low employment rates and salaries. Trust us: your future self will thank you for reading this post. Like we mentioned earlier, a dual degree is another alternative to a double major that lets you earn separate degrees from different colleges at your university. Learn more about dual degree programs, and compare them with double majors to determine which path is right for you. Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in.

Part B- Cross Cultural Management (Student's Review of a Peer's Essay

Part B- Cross Cultural Management (Student's Review of a Peer's Posting) - Essay Example Reynolds et al (2003) emphasize the importance of effective negotiation when undergoing intercultural negotiations. Reynolds (2003) states that ‘managers spend more than 50% of their time negotiating’ and when negotiating with other cultures managers should be aware and respect the differences to avoid conflict. Reynolds et al (2003) also portrayed the link between different negotiation styles and different cultures, which was also discussed in the lecture this week. Such as different cultures being individualistic or collective, centralised or de-centralised, which was discussed in this weeks lecture. The link between trust and negotiation style is also portrayed both in this weeks lecture and this journal article, such as some cultures find relationship building to be an important aspect. Negotiation is extremely important to avoid conflict or solve conflict when dealing with international managers and or companies. Therefore, Reynolds et al (2003) emphasize of the importance of understanding different cultures and their negotiation style is highly vital and relevant to this weeks lecture. This week’s lecture portrays a deeper view of the negotiation process such as portraying that ‘every negotiation party has its own interests, priorities, and strategy’ (Santha, 2007) therefore for a negotiation party to be successful they need to research the culture and gain a good understanding of it. The journal article realises this point and portrays the growing importance of cross cultural negotiation studies. The way Reynolds et al (2003) has done this is by portraying the growing interest in ‘international business negotiation studies’, this is depicted in (Appendix one), where it portrays the number of articles published concerning internat ional business negotiation has risen from (5) on the scale during the year 2000, to (26) on the scale in 1998. The article is also relevant to this weeks lecture is because it portrays how different cultures use

Entrepreneurship and venture creation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Entrepreneurship and venture creation - Essay Example In the current scenario, concept of entrepreneurship has expanded, in terms of including social and political activity. Entrepreneurs are often regarded as leaders who are even denoted as risk takers. These leaders undertake risks so as to accomplish set goals and explore market opportunities. Entrepreneurs are even inclined towards planning, employing and organizing resources. There are two forms of entrepreneurial skills – to improve upon existing product line or design a completely new product. Changing mind set is also observed within entrepreneurs and this leads to formation of social entrepreneur, knowledge entrepreneur, political entrepreneur, etc. Successful entrepreneurs basically possess two important attributes such as team building skills and management skills (Audretsch and Lehman, 2005). A new business idea is also generated by Marvin Hill as per the case study. Marvin Hill in present scenario is a multi-millionaire. He has been able to deliver creative ideas and develop solutions for market based problems. Marvin Hill had worked for Ford Motor Company since six years and then he decided to shift towards building his new business. He was determined to design computer aided software for providing assistance to engineering projects. This CAD software was a relief for many large scale organizations that undertake engineering projects. MarvCAD Inc., had been able to acquire desirable profit margins within few years of its incorporation. The company was more inclined towards addressing critical issues related to engineering products. Software quality designed by Marvin Hill was much higher and it was user friendly. Users could easily work with CAD in terms of facilitating search capabilities, visual, proprietary and website content, audio, etc. The different pieces of this software were highly customized and modularized. It enabled users to attach add-ins as and when required.

Eating in Sociological Perspective and Culture in Every Day Life Essay

Eating in Sociological Perspective and Culture in Every Day Life - Essay Example The most important objectives of the human beings were to collect food for their survival. At least 10 thousand years ago, human beings started agriculture, which has altered/changed the complete way of eating. With the advancement of the human beings socially and culturally the way of eating has changed all the way. Socialization and Culture of mankind plays a major role in change of eating practices. The way of food preparation, presentation and eating has changed with time, location and culture. Here we are concerned with eating in a social and cultural perspective in everyday life. Food is life, food what is eaten, when it is eaten and how it is eaten says a great deal about the culture. It is the center stage of every society, family and culture. In every culture eating has its unique way. Basically culture in its broader term includes all the acquired specialties of the mankind. To understand eating culture we have to understand the culture first. Culture can be defined as "The total general organized way of life including value, norms, institutions and artifacts that is passed on from generation to generation by learning alone". (Jary & Jary, 1991) E.B. Culture has been called "the way of life for the entire society". As such it includes code of manners, dress, language, eating, religion, rituals, norms of behaviour and system of belief. E.B. Tylor (1871) defined culture as "Culture of civilization taken in its wide ethnographic sense is that comply whole, which includes knowledge, belief, art, moral, law, customs or any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of Society". Recently UNESCO(2002), defined culture as "Culture should regarded as the set of distinctive spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional features of the society or a social group and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature, lifestyles, way of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs." So, it has been quite clear from the above definitions of culture that it necessarily includes eating and it is one of the most important characteristics of every culture. Every home in almost every culture have a place devoted to the preparation of the meal and also have a specified place for eating. Most societies have restaurants and hotels to eat away from home. Eating varies from individuals to individuals in a day, their size of consumption, when and how meals are prepared and eaten varies around the World. Most individual have fairly regular daily pattern of eating occurs 2-3 meals per day. The diversity of eating could be attributed to a number of local factors, which include climate, ecology, economy, cultural traditions and industrialization. Eating always has an important role to play in almost all the social occasions and celebrations of many key cultural and religious festivals in our daily life. Without eating any function or celebration cannot be treated as complete. So eating has major role in every social and cultural aspect of our daily life. Eating is inherently area specific and cultural. Different places and different people have their different way of eating identifies their cultural identities. Eating is associated with culture, people and places. Food feeds our cultural stereotypes. It is a

Organisation Structure Essay Example for Free

Organisation Structure Essay The structure is totally centralized. The strategic leader makes all key decisions and most communication is done by one on one conversations. It is particularly useful for new (entrepreneurial) business as it enables the founder to control growth and development. They are usually based on traditional domination or charismatic domination in the sense of Max Webers tripartite classification of authority. [edit] Bureaucratic structures Weber (1948, p. 214) gives the analogy that â€Å"the fully developed bureaucratic mechanism compares with other organizations exactly as does the machine compare with the non-mechanical modes of production. Precision, speed, unambiguity, †¦ strict subordination, reduction of friction and of material and personal costs- these are raised to the optimum point in the strictly bureaucratic administration. †[5] Bureaucratic structures have a certain degree of standardization. They are better suited for more complex or larger scale organizations. They usually adopt a tall structure. Then tension between bureaucratic structures and non-bureaucratic is echoed in Burns and Stalker[6] distinction between mechanistic and organic structures. It is not the entire thing about bureaucratic structure. It is very much complex and useful for hierarchical structures organization, mostly in tall organizations. [edit] Post-bureaucratic The term of post bureaucratic is used in two senses in the organizational literature: one generic and one much more specific [7]. In the generic sense the term post bureaucratic is often used to describe a range of ideas developed since the 1980s that specifically contrast themselves with Webers ideal type bureaucracy. This may include total quality management, culture management and matrix management, amongst others. None of these however has left behind the core tenets of Bureaucracy. Hierarchies still exist, authority is still Webers rational, legal type, and the organization is still rule bound. Heckscher, arguing along these lines, describes them as cleaned up bureaucracies [8], rather than a fundamental shift away from bureaucracy. Gideon Kunda, in his classic study of culture management at Tech argued that the essence of bureaucratic control the formalisation, codification and enforcement of rules and regulations does not change in principle.. it shifts focus from organizational structure to the organizations culture. Another smaller group of theorists have developed the theory of the Post-Bureaucratic Organization. [8], provide a detailed discussion which attempts to describe an organization that is fundamentally not bureaucratic. Charles Heckscher has developed an ideal type, the post-bureaucratic organization, in which decisions are based on dialogue and consensus rather than authority and command, the organization is a network rather than a hierarchy, open at the boundaries (in direct contrast to culture management); there is an emphasis on meta-decision making rules rather than decision making rules. This sort of horizontal decision making by consensus model is often used in housing cooperatives, other cooperatives and when running a non-profit or community organization. It is used in order to encourage participation and help to empower people who normally experience oppression in groups. Still other theorists are developing a resurgence of interest in complexity theory and organizations, and have focused on how simple structures can be used to engender organizational adaptations.

Bilingualism is a controversial issue

Bilingualism is a controversial issue However, defining bilingualism and bilinguals is more difficult than what the people think. This is due to bilingualisms multidimensional aspects as been stated by many linguists, educationalists, and psycholinguists. For example, Hofmann (1991), mentions that the multi-faceted phenomenon of bilingualism is the most remarkable and significant feature which is expected to centre the point of difficulty when defining bilingualism from one dimension. Moreover, Hamers Blanc (2000, pp. 3 23) provide a similar point of view and they highlight multidimensionality as being one weakness of bilingualism because when defining it, only one dimension would be taken into account, ignoring other sides of bilingualism. They add a number of various definitions of bilingualism which are one sided as they believe. For example, a definition of bilingualism may concern competence, without the other significant dimensions. Baker Jones (1998) become more specific in explaining the multidimensionality of bilingualism and they assert that there are five main issues that show the difficulty of defining bilingualism very concisely. Also, they show that there might be degrees of bilingualism which vary in the same person over time. The five issues are as the following: There is distinction between ability in language and use of language. They are two separate things. For example, a bilingual person has the ability to speak two languages very fluently, but he or she uses and practices only one of the two languages regardless whether it is the native language or the second language. Another bilingual person has the ability to speak two languages but he or she has some problems in speaking one of the two languages regardless whether it is the native language or the second language, but this person uses and practices both languages regularly. This distinction can be referred to the degree of difference between proficiency or competence of language (ability) and function of that language (use). Proficiency may vary in a language. For example, the abilities of a bilingual person will vary in using a language among the four skills of that language (listening, reading, speaking, and writing), where that person might be very good in speaking A language but when it comes to writing, the person will use B language to write or read, because his or her ability of writing in A language is weak or low. Another bilingual person might have good abilities (proficiency) in speaking and writing of a language, but he or she cannot use and practice (speak or write) that language, so he or she tends to use another language. This is called receptive competence. Few bilingual people are equally proficient in both languages, but one language tends to be stronger and better developed than the other language. It is called the dominant language and it is not necessarily to be the first or native language. Few bilinguals possess the same competence as monolinguals in either of their languages. This is because bilingual individuals utilize the languages they acquired for different functions and purposes. A bilinguals competence in a language may vary over time and according to changing circumstances. For example, a child starts to learn a minor language at home or in the childhood. As time goes, he or she learns another language in the school or community and he or she will gradually lose the minor language, because it is out of use and that person became away from the childhood; the situation where the minor language is used (Baker Jones 1998). Mackey (1967) supports Bakers Jones issues in a different way that there are four aspects should be taken into account when defining and describing bilingualism. They are overlapped to each other and cannot be treated separately. These aspects are degree, function, alteration, and interference. The degree of bilingualism indicates the proficiency and competence of language, which is the extent to which the bilingual knows each of the languages. The part of function focuses on the use and practice a bilingual has for the languages. How much each language is used and practiced by the bilingual? Alteration concentrates on the extent to which the bilingual switches between the languages (code switching). And interference is the degree to which a bilingual manages to keep the two languages separate or fused. Mackey adds that the four questions are overlapped to each other and they cannot be treated separately. For example, a bilinguals knowledge of a language will to some extent specify the functions to which it is put; and the vice versa. The contexts in which bilinguals have the opportunity to use language will affect their competence in it Adding to the previous points, Romaine (1995), states that proficiency and function are the factors which are related to the definition and description of bilingualism. Bilingualism should be carefully viewed with great consideration to certain variables appearing in the coming definitions. Auer (1995) shows that bilingualism can be referred to the linguistic competences in more than one language. This bilingual competence can be accessible via the analysis of well-formed sentences involving two languages which may be treated as a window on the bilingual mind (Auer, 1995, p.115). Clearly, psycholinguists deem bilingualism as hidden competence in bilinguals minds, and it can be revealed as bilinguals produce utterances. Conversely, Saunders (1988) declares that bilingualism has different associations in peoples minds. In the issue of the definition of bilingualism, two distinctive sides have appeared which have been opposing each other in the way of defining bilinguals and bilingualism. The debate is centred about two definitions. In one side, there are some people who assume that bilingualism is being proficient in speaking two languages just like the native speakers. This is related to Leonard Bloomfield the most famous linguist on the first side of the issue. According to Hofmann (1991), Bloomfield pays special attention to users who become so proficient in the new language that they cannot be distinguished from the native speakers and he considers these users are bilinguals. He relates bilingualism to those individuals who speak a second language with high native level of proficiency. In 1933, Bloomfield published a book called Language which was an early book of modern linguistics and it defines bilingualism as In the extreme case of foreign language learning, the speaker becomes so proficien t as to be indistinguishable from the native speakers round him. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In this case where this perfect foreign language learning is not accompanied by loss of the native language, it results in bilingualism, (the) native-like control of two languages (Bloomfield, 1933, p.55-56). As a consequence of Bloomfields definition, Hoffmann (1991) raises some questions, where he believes that Bloomfield has a clear idea of bilingualism, but there is some inconsistency on his definition of bilingualism. For example, if there is no definition for a degree of perfection in bilingualism, so how could Bloomfield talk of perfect foreign language learning? Continuing with Romaine (1995), who says that the previous definition identifies native like control of two languages as being the norm for bilingualism. Moreover, Hamers Blanc (2000) add that Bloomfield concentrates on the one dimension which is proficiency in language and this is not satisfying, because it is one of the weaknesses in defining bilingualism. As a consequence of Bloomfields definition, Also, Saunders (1988) stresses that this definition is restrictively limited to bilingual individuals who master their two languages completely. The previous views towards Bloomfields definition show the reasons of having another side of defining the term bilingualism. Moving to the other most different side of defining and describing bilingualism, bilinguals who have no native speakers competence in both languages reject that definition utterly and a number of definitions opposing Bloomfields notion have been placed by many linguists. For example, Saunders (1988) argues that many bilinguals comprehend a foreign language without having the ability to speak it fluently. Therefore, linguists define bilingualism as the bilinguals capability of using and speaking two distinctive languages at any level of competency. After all these various arguments regarding bilingualisms nature, it is clear that bilingual individuals have different degrees of competence in the second language. Also, comes in the other side, Haugen (1953, p.7) who shows that if an individual of any language could produce complete meaningful sentences in any othe r language, he or she would be a bilingual. One more definition contradicting Bloomfields is Macnamaras definition. Macnamara (1967a) cited in Hamers Blanc (2000, p.6) who defines a bilingual as anyone who possesses a minimal competence in only one of the four skills, listening comprehension, speaking, reading, and writing in a language other than his mother tongue. There is a collection of other definitions of bilingualism between the above most two distinctive sides of definitions. That collection appeared to align for either side. For example, Hamers Blanc (2000, p.6-7) note that Titone (1972) defines bilingualism as the individuals capacity to speak a second language while following the concepts and structures of that language rather than paraphrasing his or her mother tongue. All the previous distinguishing definitions show the degree of difficulty in providing a concise definition of a bilingual and bilingualism, because most of the definitions are seen to be lacking specifity and clarity in the main points on them like native-like competence, minimal proficiency in a second language, and following the concept of structures of the second language (Hamers Blanc, 2000, p.6-7). In the case of bilingualism at HCT, Macnamaras definition of bilingualism seems to be the most appropriate one to the foundation year students capability of English and this is due to their level of English which is not as much as Bloomfields notion of native like control of two languages. 2.2 Types of bilinguals: Bilinguals in the world have been categorised into groups depending on certain points. The Finnish linguist Skutnabb-Kangas (1981) discusses this part of the issue of bilingualism and she proposes that bilinguals in the world can be classified into four different groups and there are some factors should be taken into account to distinguish between these groups. The factors are: the pressure to become bilingual, the prerequisites for bilingualism, the method used to achieve bilingualism, and the consequences in the case of failure. Skutnabb-Kangas focuses mainly on children bilinguals in her classification, but this classification to some extent might apply on bilinguals other than children. She classifies the groups as the following: Elite bilinguals: this group consists of people who have chosen to learn another language and become bilingual and in most cases they are not forced to bilingualism. Most of the bilinguals in this group are upper and middle class people. For example, some of them become bilinguals for the sake of studying or working abroad such as wining scholarships or having business, while others move and change their country of residence, so they want to learn the language of the target country. Regarding the factor of pressure, elite bilinguals volunteer to learn a second language and there is mostly no pressure, unless the children from the families who move to other countries might feel the pressure since they have to learn the language of the new country. In this group, the bilinguals prerequisites are seen to be most often suitable for them, because this is their choice of being bilinguals. In the case of children, the parents make their children acquire the mother tongue very well, so they will not lose it when learning another language. When they live abroad, the children then will be encouraged to learn a second language which is expected to be used most often, however they will still use the mother tongue at least within the home environment. The method of achieving bilingualism for elite bilinguals is a combination of the natural method and teaching as Skutnabb-Kangas states, where children or other bilinguals will face situations in which they must speak and communicate in the foreign language. Besides, they will be taught the foreign language in their home country as well as in the target country. In the case of failure for elite bilinguals, there are no serious consequences when not making a positive progress in learning a second language. For example, children or bilinguals might have less contact with native speakers and in some cases they will accompany speakers of their own mother tongue. Children from linguistic majorities: this group consists mainly of children who learn a language at school other than their mother tongue and this language is more likely to be a minority language, where children or bilinguals from such groups will learn it for certain reasons. This minority language is used either for the enhancement of its prestige, Hoffmann (1991) provides an example of learning French in Canada. Skutnabb-Kangas (1981) continues that a language might be regarded as being highly beneficial in the field of education and also in getting good occupations in a country, so this language will be used in immersion programmes or in foreign language classes, Hoffmann (1991) mentions the case of using English as a foreign language in Netherlands as an example for the second reason (Hoffmann, 1991). Another example for the later reason could be the situation of teaching English in almost all the educational institutions in Oman and using it widely in most of the occupations i n the various fields of work. There is little or no pressure on the children or other people of this group to learn a second language. The family and the society might be a source of pressure for the children; the parents will motivate their children to become bilinguals for either of the reasons been mentioned previously at least. The members of this group are taught to learn a second language and the methods used in teaching are believed to be better than the methods used for the rest of the groups, because these methods involve well-prepared materials that aid the learning of the second language. The consequences of failure in learning the language and being bilingual are small and this might result that people of this group will use the mother tongue in the society and they will have less opportunities of getting better jobs. According to Hoffmann (1991) the members of the preceding two groups come from monolingual backgrounds. In the contrary, the members of the following two groups are from bilingual backgrounds Children from bilingual families: this group consists of children who come from bilingual families which are the families that the parents have two different mother languages. For example, a family in Finland where the fathers mother language is Finnish and the mothers is Swedish. In this case there is some pressure on the children to be able to speak with their parents in their mother tongues. Besides, the society will push and encourage the children to learn the language used officially in the country which is more likely to be the mother language of either parent, and this helps the children to integrate in the society and to be successful at school. However, in this case the children become monolingual and there are some possible problems in the relationship between them and one or both of their parents, because these children lack complete bilingualism of both parents mother tongues. In the case of failure, the children of this group will face some problems and there might be ne gative consequences within the family environment. For example, a child has negative relationship with one of the parents because he or she fails in being bilingual and learning the mother language of the father or mother. Children from linguistic minorities: this group consists of children whose parents use a language of the minority. For example, a family in Canada, where both parents speak French (minority). In this case, there will be strong pressure from the society and the family on this group of children to become bilingual and learn the language of the majority (English) in order to successfully contact in that society and cope up with the others from majority groups. The methods and materials used to achieve bilingualism need to be more developed, because they still have not reached the level of the high expectations. In the case of failure, the children of this group will face consequences that are thought to be greater than for any of the other previous groups as Skutnabb-Kangas shows that the failure of being bilingual may be catastrophic. For example, the children might lose most of the educational and future opportunities and their contact with the society will be very limited. 2.3 Reasons of being bilingual: Saunders (1988, p.1) states that Fishman, a well-known writer in bilingualism, declares that more than half of the worlds population today uses more than one language while engaging in activities basic to human needs. Also, Baker Jones (1998) add that nowadays, most people in the world live in bilingual environments where two or more languages are used. Numerous causes contribute to the emergence and dominance of bilingualism. There are various optional or compulsory factors. According to Baker Jones (1998), emigration, economic trade and colonisation are main factors that facilitated the dominance of bilingualism over monolingualism. Emigration is a major factor of being bilingual, whereas emigrants move from their own countries to other countries, because of various reasons. For example, some of them escape from wars or poverty in their countries to search for better life in foreign linguistic communities. As a result, they will be forced to learn the language of the host countri es and in order to have wider contact opportunities and more employment availability. According to Saunders (1988), most emigrants speak the language of the new culture and environment. In Australia, for instance, 86.3% of emigrants speak their second language more than their home languages. Saunders also states that commerce and trade are critical factors motivating people to acquire a second language. Most economic business and commercial markets involve bilingual individuals to deal with customers from multicultural areas. Furthermore, Baker Jones (1998) highlight that the existence of bilingualism has also increased because of the mass communication systems such as television, telephone, radio and computers which increased the contacts between members of a variety of languages. (Baker Jones 1998). Another factor is the Geographical proximity of two countries which is a possible factor leading to bilingualism, where people of the two communities need the communication among each other for different purposes like trade and other social relations like marriage resulting in bilingual families. 2.3.1 Education as a great reason of being bilingual: Education is one of the most fundamental factors pushing or motivating individuals to learn a second language. Being bilingual through education can be optional or obligatory. I notice that, in all Arab Gulf countries, most school students become bilingual due to their learning of English as a compulsory subject. However, there are some students, including colleges and universities students, who learn their second language English as an optional subject. The learning of English in these countries seems to be the result of the international relations between them and the United Kingdom. It is worth mentioning that the main focus of my research paper is being bilingual due to education. Adding to the above motives of bilingualism, there are different bilingual education programmes that have been suggested as aiding the increase of bilingualism. (Baker Jones 1998). According to Baker Jones (1998), bilingual education has been widely considered as the capability of using two languages at school. However, it is a more complex phenomenon. Baker (1988) notes that bilingual education could be referred to any program aiming to teach students a second language besides their mother tongue at school Moreover, Hamers Blanc (2000, p.321) mentions that the term bilingual education is used to describe a variety of educational programs involving two or more languages to varying degrees. While, Bialystok (2001) asserts that Brisk describes that the term bilingual education is used in a different way in a number of different countries. For example, in the USA, bilingual education means teaching English to children whose native language is not English. In Europe, it refers to the education used in schools where two languages are involved in teaching different school subjects. These various definitions of bilingual education assure the complexity of this pheno menon. Ferguson et al., (1977) cited in Baker Jones (1998, p.465) provides a number of aims of bilingual education. Some of them are as the following: Bilingual education used to assimilate individuals or groups into the mainstream of society to socialize with people for full participation in the community. To enable people to communicate with the outside world. To provide language skills which are remarkable, aiding employment and status. To deepen understanding of language and culture. To give equal status in law of language of unequal status in daily life. The above aims show that bilingual education does not always concern the use of two languages in the classroom and it takes various classifications, where there are weak and strong forms of bilingual education programmes. The weak forms of bilingual education programmes aim to make children of minority language learn and transfer to the language and culture of majority resulting in monolingualism or limited bilingualism. In contrast, the strong forms of bilingual education aim to make students proficient in their own language as well as the language of majority resulting in full bilingualism. According to Baker (1988), bilingual education is classified to elitist bilingualism and folk bilingualism in accordance to the incentives of being bilingual. Elitist bilingualism is regarded as a reward offered to certain special individuals by government. Some students, for instance, are rewarded by being allowed to study abroad or study in prestigious universities in their countries. On the other hand, folk bilingual education is deemed a crucial need people have to meet in order to remain alive. As mentioned in the previous section that when immigrants move to a new place, they acquire the language of that place so that they can interact with people there. Bilingual education is also categorised into immersion and submersion bilingual education based on the use of both languages in learning. The immersion education is belongs to the strong forms of bilingual education. In immersion education, students are allowed to speak their mother tongue while experiencing their subjects and communicating with teachers. They learn the second language gradually as time goes by. Baker (1993) states that the immersion bilingual education started in Canada in 1965 where an experiment was done on a class of pupils and the aims were to make those pupils competent in using French and to reach good achievement levels in the curriculum involving the English language as well as appreciating the culture and traditions of French speaking Canadians and English speaking Canadians. On the other hand, students are not allowed to speak their home language in the submersion bilingual education, which is one of the weak forms of bilingual education. They are taught a ll their subjects in their second language. According to the major used language, bilingual education can be also categorised into transitional and maintenance or enrichment bilingual educations. The weak form transitional bilingual education essentially aims to develop and make students fluent in one language only, which is the majority language. Therefore, this bilingual education focuses on the bilinguals first language in the learning procedures with few extra classes to learn the second language leading to a limited bilingualism. For example, in the USA and Europe, the minority of languages are taken into account and cured in order to make the minority groups to be able to continue the education in English or other majority languages. While, the strong form maintenance or enrichment bilingual education aims to teach children their subjects with both languages to guarantee that children get good levels of proficiency in both languages. Baker indicates that some students are taught some subjects such as grammar in their nat ive language, while mathematics is learned in the second language. Consequently, students master both languages, and the two languages are developed simultaneously with complete bilingualism. This type of education is used for example in Canada and Wales as Baker (1988, p.47) shows that English speakers are taught French or Welsh to enable them to be fully bilingual (Baker 1988). I assume that maintenance or enrichment bilingual education refers to the same kind of education used in Oman but, here, the government uses the term dual education to refer to it. 2.4 Social attitudes towards bilingualism: Attitudes are the internal thoughts, feelings and tendencies in behaviours that an individual embodies in various contexts. They are difficult to be measured and significant in the thinking and they influence behaviours of individuals and groups. Language attitudes have a pivotal role in the learning of a second language or the loss of the native language. For example, research indicates that an individual will learn a language faster and better than others if his or her attitudes towards that language are positive. Moreover, bilingual education is also influenced by the attitudes of bilinguals being taught where their attitudes will be the reason behind the success and development or the failure of a bilingual education programme. (Baker Jones 1998). According to Baker Jones (1998), there are different types of attitudes to languages. The one related to this research study is the attitude to learning a new language since this paper considers the effects of learning English as a new language on HCT foundation year students social life in Oman. International research focused on the motivations and reasons that make students learn new languages has found that some individuals have the ability to learn a second language quicker and better ways and this due to their positive attitudes towards that certain language and this has been indicated by a research as I mentioned in the first paragraph of this section that positive attitudes to a language will aid the learning of that language. Also, research has found that people in England and the USA have less positive attitudes towards learning a second language than people in Asia, Africa, Latin America, and mainland Europe, where in the latter places; bilingualism is more typical, desirable, and valuable. The reasons might be the consideration of English as a dominant language across the world, so people need to learn it for better employments purposes, wider range of contacts and relationships, as well as travel (Baker Jones 1998). Attitudes to a language are categorised into integrative and instrumental attitudes. Integrative attitudes are the ones that people have when they seek for example, jobs require a second language, read the literature of a second language, socialise with natives of a second language and all this in order to learn that second language and identify different language communities. In the contrary, Instrumental attitudes are the ones that people have when learning a second language for different purposes. For example, they learn a language to pass exams, to find better and more job opportunities, or to help their children in their bilingual education programmes (Baker Jones 1998). Baker Jones (1998) also note that research explains that integrative attitudes and motivations are more helpful in making individuals proficient in the second language, because they provide them with positive attitudes resulting in long term motivation to learn a language, while instrumental attitudes provide short term motivation that will fade for example, an individual has passed in the exam and reached the goals of learning a second language. However, the opposite is a possibility where instrumental attitudes and motivation would be more powerful than integrative attitudes and motivation in learning a language. For example, in India, some Indian students gave instrumental reasons for learning English rather than integrative reasons. They show that English is important in education and future employment and without the need for them; the students would not have learned English. In accordance to the data collected for this research study, the case is that most of the foundation year students at HCT in Oman provided a mixture of both instrumental and integrative reasons for learning English and it can be noticed that instrumental reasons have greater effect than the integrative reasons and this will be discussed in the following chapter. Skutnabb-Kangas (1981) states that bilingualism has been seen in a very negative way in the past and as time was passing by the attitudes towards bilingualism have changed and the negativity has diminished. For example, at the beginning of the twentieth century, there were many statements and investigations that have negative attitudes to bilingualism. They stated that bilingual individuals are for example, lazy, stupid, unreliable, morally inferior, and so on. Romaine (1995, p.303) has conducted a study to investigate attitudes relating to a second language in the Punjabi/English bilingual community in Britain. Romaine has found out that most of her subjects believe that culture is deeply affected by language, for culture cannot be protected without conserving language. In this particular studied community, learners are only taught their second language, which is English, in schools regarding to the assumption that they have already mastered their home language. Therefore, Romaine has reported that the majority of her samples, including parents, prefer their children to be taught using their home language rather than the second language regardless of the latters language qualities. Romaines study shows that monolingual parents feel embarrassed when their bilingual children speak the second language, widely in the society and even in front of the traditional and older generation relatives and guests. Romaines study somehow conforms to the r esults that Huddy and Sears (1984) have found in their survey implemented for 1,570 non Hispanic subjects. They have discovered that people often consider bilingual education as a great factor affecting their culture and language. However, it is obvious that most countries all over the world implementing bilingual education, regardless of its classifications, teach their students English. Those countries believe in the great benefits of having a second language like English. White et al., (2002) declare that New Zealand offers non-English native speakers great opportunities to learn English, for it believes that English is currently very crucial in all life aspects. English skills should be improved as it is critical in facilitating social contacts, in enhancing employment and educational opportunities, and in providing the basis for p