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The Prophet Muhammad Achievements

The Prophet Muhammad Achievements Presentation Throughout the historical backdrop of humanity the delivery people of God’s divine message have been diminished to casualties of viciousness and mocking; from Adam to Muhammad this pattern has been rehashed. Numerous accomplishments in this world can be ascribed to the Prophet Muhammad (SAW)(Cheema 1).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Prophet Muhammad Achievements explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Generally, Prophet Muhammad was an extraordinary promoter of humanity and this conversation will look to comprehend the individual that he was, particularly in light with this age where bias and preference has made the educating of the incomparable Prophet be misconstrued. In this manner, it’s imperative to freely take a gander at the character and the individual that the prophet was and thus this article. Conversation Prophet Muhammad was the last prophet of God as per The Quran, the Muslims sacred book. Prophet Muhamma d was brought into the world the year 560 AD in the city of Mecca Saudi Arabia. Muhammad was raised by his uncle Abu Taib after he turned into a vagrant at an early age. No documentation exist showing whether he got conventional instruction with respect to perusing and composing, anyway as represented by The Quran the experience between the Prophet and Angel Gabriel exhibits that he didn’t get any formal education(Kathir 190). In the locale that Prophet Muhammad began from, unethical behavior, mercilessness, polytheism, icon revering and absence of education existed at an extremely high rate. Subjugation on its part had gotten so uncontrolled on that piece of the world. Prophet Muhammad was a calm youngster who kept unapproachable from the individuals who partook in agnosticism and the ceremonies related with the locale at that time.He started to lecture about the presence of just on God â€Allah and at 40 years old after he got his first disclosure (Kathir 191). His procla iming of the presence of just a single God pulled in resistance from the agnostics of Mecca (Quraysh).They offered him blessings, force, respect and material things with the expectation that he would relinquish his proclaiming and rather lecture about the icons. The prophet rejected this offer expressing that he could never revoke his strategic if the sun will be put on his correct hand and the moon on his left hand. Having taken this position he and his devotees were exiled from Mecca subsequent to being tormented and some of them being fiercely murdered by the Quraysh. He moved to Medina where he built up himself subsequent to being energetically invited (Azzam 14).Advertising Looking for exposition on religion philosophy? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The agnostics of Mecca were resolved to uncover the new religion driving Muhammad to shield himself in a few wars. He was effective with all due respect, with the assistance of a little power, 10,000 devotees; he had the option to overcome a gigantic, well prepared and all around prepared power (Rizvi 13). Close to an incredible finish he came back to Mecca, his old neighborhood where he took over it and proclaimed a general reprieve for everybody including the individuals who had carried out genuine wrongdoings. He brought lawfulness inside a brief time of ten years to individuals who were notable for wilderness, unethical behavior and obliviousness. From that point, Islam spread to most of Arabia and now to all sides of the world. No man with Muhammad’s achievements up 'til now again been created to the world. The Prophet had uncountable achievements throughout his life live alone the world, including yet not constrained to being a prophet, judge, reformer, political pioneer and a moralist. Other than these achievements he was an individual of model character who tried to do he said others should do as showed in the Hadiths. He had the best et hics portrayed by honesty, pardoning humbleness and numerous others. The prophet Muhammad had an extraordinary love for the omnipotent God. For lion's share of his life since he was a kid, he devoted his life to attempting to build up a cozy relationship with God by asking, fasting and investing a ton of energy petitioning to him. The Prophet frequented a collapse Hira where he regularly went to quick and supplicate. It was during such a circumstance when he got his first divine revelation (Cheema 2). During hardships and enduring the prophet demonstrated a great deal of tolerance and nothing grabbed hold of him as he was never debilitated by antagonistic conditions or individual wants. Other than the demise of his dad and later his granddad, the prophet had been looked by the passing of a few of his spouses including Khadija and seven of his youngsters. In any case the Prophet stayed extremely persistent and noble in his habits, a character not saw in the individuals around him, th is character was exhibited in one of the event that he counseled a lady who was involved in boisterous grieving of the passing of her kid to which the Prophet advised her to be quiet and acknowledge divine beings will, not realizing that she was conversing with a Prophet of God, the lady disclosed to him that he(the Prophet) couldn’t comprehend the torment that accompanies losing a kid as he had never lost any to which the Prophet revealed to her that he had lost seven children(Cheema 5).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on The Prophet Muhammad Achievements explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Muslims have been charged by the Prophet to treat the poor generous as described by Abu Said Al-Khudri, the Prophet urged Muslims to help different Muslims by giving them garments, nourishments and drinks and consequently they will be remunerated in heaven by being given materials by green pieces of clothing of heaven, products of heaven and unadulterat ed wine (Cheema 11) Acquisition of riches isn't disheartened by the Prophet or denied yet rather he demands that they ought to be obtained legally and a piece of it given to poor people. For an amazing duration the Prophet empowered difficult work, autonomy and nobleness of the individuals. He empowered foundation; the Prophet was moderately rich, anyway in his home he never for over a day stayed without appropriating his riches to noble cause, the Prophet for the most part utilized his riches to satisfy God (Cheema 12). End Millions of individuals everywhere throughout the world despite everything cherish and love Prophet Muhammad(saw), he has changed the lives of many including ladies by carrying appreciation and pride to them. Islam’s establishment depends on His accepts and lessons and it is therefore that the boundaries of tribalism, prejudice, influence and riches have had the option to be broken. The predetermination of mankind is still to a great extent impacted by hi s upheaval and the record which bears God’s message sent through him, Quran, keep on bringing shrewdness, direction, and impact to all men everywhere throughout the world. Logicians, antiquarians, understudies of religion, pioneers, Muslims and non-Muslims the same proceed to recognize and appreciate the Prophet a huge number of years after his passing (Akhtar 10). Akhtar S.H. Prophet Muhammad.Austin Texas.2009, Web.6 Oct.2011. Azzam K.A.Life of The Prophet Muhammad.New York.June 2003. Web.6 Oct 2011.Advertising Searching for paper on religion religious philosophy? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Cheema M.A.The Holy Prophet Muhammad.New York:Hart publishiung,Sep 2001.Web.6 Oct 2011. Kadhir I.A.Stories of The Prophets,Al Azhar(Trans).Riyadh:Darusalam, 2005.Web.6 Oct.2011. Rizvi S.S.The Life of Muhammad the Prophet.TZ:Oxford publishing,June 2009.Web.6 Oct 2011.

Moving On How to Quit Your Job with Grace

Moving On How to Quit Your Job with Grace Finally! The day has arrived when you’ve finally decided to make the big announcement of quitting your job to your colleagues and boss. However, your mind is a mess and you don’t have a clear plan of action on how you should handle the procedure. It’s quite normal to feel awkward and nervous before taking the big step.You are undoubtedly filled with bittersweet emotions and hence, are looking for the perfect way to quit your job gracefully without impacting any relationships in a negative way.The following guidelines will educate you on all the required steps that you should follow for a painless exit strategy. ENVISION A STRATEGY BEFORE THE BIG DAYPreparation for taking the big step of quitting your job requires certain protocols to be executed to ensure a painless and convenient way of leaving the company with grace.Prepare a speech, have a few words with your boss on how the time was well spent, offer your gratitude to all your colleagues, and be prepared for a counter offer that may be offered to you at the last minute by the powers-that-be.Here are the most important aspects to consider before you post your final notice.Let your Boss be the First to know  Your boss happens to be the most influential figure during your time of employment, hence, it’s your responsibility to notify him before spreading the news to your colleagues. It’s important to consider that your boss could have many important projects lined up and may not be available to have a one-on-one session when you approach him.Schedule an appointment with him or let him know that you have something important to talk to. Y ou could also try catching him at the beginning of the day when things aren’t too busy, this allows you to pour your heart out and explain why you are leaving the company. Your boss may have a few words of inspiration and might even try to offer you advice on your new job. This is valuable advice from someone far more experienced and you should seriously consider it.Not every employee has a positive relationship with their bosses, nonetheless, it’s considered impolite to send your notice by e-mail or by SMS. During your recommendation letter, your boss may not have the best things to write about you and this can affect your prospects in your new job.Refrain from offering feedback on other employees to your boss on the day of departure, you never know when you may need their help or end up crossing paths in the future. Also, keep the matter strictly professional and offer a personal note of thanks without the need for gifts and other festivities.Here’s a summarized video by Eva n Carmichael on how to tell your boss that you are quitting the company. Provide Backup in Transition Planning When Required of You  Ensure all your work commitments, project reports, business follow-ups, and client deadlines are completed before you quit the job. This can positively affect your relationship with your co-workers and managers. You can be the role model for the company that affects future candidates on how to complete their work tasks before posting their resignation.If another employee has been assigned as part of a transition plan to replace you, politely oblige and showcase the day-to-day schedule on how the new employee can ease into your position. Your fellow colleague will be grateful for your helping hand and your boss will be sure to add in a detailed description in your recommendation letter.By keeping a tidy work desk on the last day of work, you demonstrate that you value your position in the company even to the final day. Being messy shows a lack of discip line and can showcase a poor code of conduct by you. Remember, by following appropriate protocols in the workplace, you instill positive guidelines into yourself and become a valuable member of any company you choose to join.Be Prepared to Take up a Counter-offer  During your exit interview, a counter-offer, by increasing your paycheck, can arise if you are considered valuable to the company. It’s not unusual for companies to bribe their employees with a promotion if their services are in great demand. Instead of declining, request your seniors for a day or two to think over it and carefully consider the counter-offer.It’s in your best interests to weigh the pros and cons of a counter-offer over your new job. The biggest advantage is that you get to increase your pay without having to move desks and you are already accustomed to the workings of your company. If you have gained a promotion, consider the responsibilities of the new position and the additional workload that comes w ith it.It’s alright to be bold and ask for a higher pay when faced with a counter-offer. Remember, they are the ones that need your services, so it’s alright to hike the offer by a few numbers. However, don’t be selfish in your endeavors and ask for more than you are worth, this can have negative consequences.If you’re stuck with your principles and no hike in your salary can stop you from pursuing your goals, then politely decline and offer your sincerest gratitude and proceed to move on.Don’t Quit Before You’ve Made Peace with Your Co-workers  Professional rifts or a former feud with a colleague can cause confusion on whether you should be the better person and apologize or storm off leaving them in the dust. In such situations, it’s always better to extend a hand of friendship and let bygones be bygones. After all, after a month in your new job, you won’t remember any of the past controversies, but you can leave your present job with a clean conscience at the very least.Who knows, you could also find a friend for life just by offering a second chance at starting again. It’s always the better move to create more professional contacts in your career than to lose a few due to an ego clash.While its normal to expect some people to react differently, for example â€" them being happy knowing of your departure. Do understand that their presence has no place in your future and such employees are better off not being a part of your career prospects. You will always be happy to know that if you’ve been a valuable employee, you will have a dozen friends for every resentful co-worker.Create a Thank-you Note to Express your positive feelings  You’ve obviously not made it this far in your professional career all by yourself. Take the time to make a list of all the people who’ve helped you and assisted you when the times were tough. Remember that colleague who once took your shift because you had a party to rush off to? â€" Add them to your list.By remembering the little positive things and writing a personalized thank-you note to your co-workers, you provide them with happiness thanks to your little gesture. Also, be sure to leave your contact information behind and do stay in touch with them. You never know when you could need their help, or you could reach out to help them by informing them of an opportunity.Refrain from bragging about your new job in front of your colleagues. It’s great that you made it this far in your professional venture but that doesn’t give you the right to make your co-workers feel bad. Leave the office on good terms and do offer to help your colleagues in any project they are working on during your 2-week notice, if you have the time to spare. There’s no better way to express gratitude than to help ease the burden of your fellow comrades.HELPFUL TIPS TO PREPARE FOR DURING YOUR 2-WEEK NOTIVE PERIODThe standard 2-week notice period can be an important time for you to execute the above plans whi le also showcasing your positive abilities. It’s normal for employees to relax and conduct themselves in a non-professional manner by chatting away with their colleagues and not taking their work seriously. After all, the new job is yours, what could go wrong, right?Wrong!You have every reason to prove yourself to ensure the recommendation letter that reaches you has all your positive qualities mentioned. If your boss decides to write an awful review of your professional qualities, your new boss may immediately be concerned and may even consider firing you.Hence, it’s important to follow protocol and pay specific attention to the following points.Offer Feedback During Your Exit Interview  Was the company able to fulfill your career requirements? Were you able to learn new skills from the company? Is the workforce within the company up to the standards? Care to share a few points on how to improve the company? These are some of the questions that employers are looking to learn fr om their employees to ensure a quality working environment.As an employee, it’s your responsibility to offer feedback to improve the current state of the company. For example, If there is a much-needed equipment that could improve production and ease the workload of your co-workers, then write it down in the feedback letter.On a personal front, do mention what the company taught you over the years and how satisfied you were with the company. These questions can help a company grow and make appropriate decisions during the next board meeting. Most companies tend to review the feedback forms of their past employees. This allows them to better assess the situation and make the necessary changes to bring improvement.Remember to always put your thoughts on paper and not discuss any improvements with your co-workers. It’s impolite to talk about the flaws with your office mates when you are quitting your job. It also goes without saying that being honest in your feedback can really boo st the company’s performance over a period.Maintain a Friendly Demeanor  During the last 2-weeks of your job, it’s easy to lose yourself by becoming selfish, after all, you have no reason to fear anyone. This behavior can call for an ugly confrontation and a lot of feuds that can cause you to be mentally harassed. By being friendly, you can gain brownie points from your seniors that can affect your recommendation letter in a positive light.By complimenting your company and talking about it in a positive sense, you can boost the morale of your comrades and help them achieve even greater heights. There’s no greater happiness than having your junior co-workers call you and ecstatically talk about the promotion they just received and how your motivational words had a hand in it.Don’t forget your company gave you a job and a means of security when you most needed it, it’s your turn to pay it back. Never ask your office mates to follow suit by lecturing them on the negative draw backs of the company. If word spreads around to your seniors, they won’t find it a least bit amusing.Maintain a friendly appearance even if you don’t feel like it, after all, it’s just 2-weeks of showing up to work. And when the final day comes, don’t forget to say goodbye to everyone and leave the office feeling like a champ for enduring it all.Different People Will Provide Different Reactions: Maintain a Straight Face  Let’s face it, it’s unlikely for all your co-workers to react the same way to hearing the news of your departure. While most would be emotional enough to cherish the fond memories they had with you, others may be elated at you vacating the post. In these times, it’s important to never lose your cool or act in an unprofessional manner.Since your employer is legally obliged to terminate your contact information linked to the company, it’s important to share your personal contact number and e-mail with your co-workers on the last day of work. This is so that you can stay connected to them even after you’ve exited the company. Making professional contacts is incredibly valuable and it’s considered a good practice to keep a list of all known associates you’ve worked for.If you have any mentors or sponsors from another department, it’s important to schedule an individual meeting and ensure you are on good terms and explain the reason for leaving. If there are too many colleagues to individually address within the 2-week period, it’s alright to write a personalized e-mail.Do remember that the last day of work is an incredibly important day, it’s the last time your co-workers and managers see you in a professional environment and it’s critical to maintain a friendly demeanor if you want to be remembered in a positive sense.Be Regular Until the Last Working Day  It might seem like the easy route out by posting your two-week notice and not showing up for work until the very last day of work. This can prove disastrous for yo ur career and you could end up receiving a lawsuit by the company. The 2-week period is an important time frame that allows your employer to find another candidate that can replace you. Hence, it’s necessary that you show up during this time and complete your outstanding work commitments.By being irregular, your employers will have no other choice than to blacklist you for being an unprofessional candidate. All the years of working tirelessly can mean nothing in the end if you end up being lackadaisical.Create a 2-week regimen with great emphasis on punctuality, show up for work earlier than usual and complete any unfinished projects. Ensure you have all your reports submitted and leave no stone unturned for your manager or boss to feel disappointed in you during your last day of work.BE GRATEFUL FOR ALL THAT YOU LEARNT IN YOUR TIME WITH THE COMPANYThe first thing to learn in your professional career is to never forget the roots that helped you grow into the tree you are today. Th e best way you can thank your current company is by working hard until the last minute of the final day and ensuring all your co-workers are treated with respect upon your departure. Offer your last-minute goodbyes to every member of the company, no matter how small their role was. You never know when you could run into each other again on a professional front and you wouldn’t want your previous negative encounter to ruin things for you.If you’ve been asked to serve a longer notice period than the required 2-week duration, you can politely decline and explain that a longer notice period clashes with your joining date for the new job. However, it’s your duty to ensure you leave no pending work for the employee that replaces you, to take over.Don’t forget to collect any employee benefits you may have missed on the last day. This could include unused vacation pay, sick pay, pension plan, insurance, tax rebate, etc. It’s also in your best interests to return any company proper ty that might be in your possession â€" company phone, keys, documents, security access codes, etc.If you are confused about making the right decision on whether to quit or stay with your current job, this video segment by John Baybay is the right guide to alleviate your situation. CONCUSIONTurning in your resignation doesn’t necessarily have to be a stressful experience. Make sure the details of your new job are finalized before you submit your final papers. Create a checklist to ensure the transition process is executed smoothly. The resignation letter should strictly be professional and must be written with a tone of gratitude in mind.When in doubt, always refer to the internet for ideas on how to write a professional resignation letter. By following the steps in this guide, you can be sure you’ve managed to impress your boss and your co-workers and give them a full understanding of how to sign off professionally.

Trámites para viudos de ciudadanos para la green card

Los viudos de ciudadanos americanos pueden obtener tarjeta de residencia permanente, tambià ©n conocida como green card, despuà ©s del fallecimiento de sus cà ³nyuges. Esto aplica tanto a los matrimonios heterosexuales como a los igualitarios, es decir, a los celebrados entre dos varones o dos mujeres. Requisitos para que los viudos de ciudadanos puedan obtener la residencia permanente Pueden darse dos supuestos distintos. En primer lugar, cuando el ciudadano fallece tras haber solicitado la green card para su marido o mujer mediante la presentacià ³n a USCIS de la forma I-130. En este supuesto, no hay que rellenar ningà ºn formulario mà ¡s, ya que automà ¡ticamente las autoridades migratorias cambiarà ¡n esa forma a la I-360.   En estos casos, si la persona viuda se casa de nuevo podrà ­a obtener, a pesar de ello, la green card basada en la peticià ³n del I-130, por aplicacià ³n de la Seccià ³n 204(l) de la Immigration and Nationality Act. Ademà ¡s, si el fallecido no habà ­a solicitado la residencia para sus hijastros menores de 21 aà ±os y solteros, podrà ¡ hacerlo en ese momento el viudo o viuda. En segundo lugar,  si  el ciudadano fallecià ³Ã‚  sin haber presentado los papeles para pedir a su cà ³nyuge, el viudo o viuda podrà ¡ solicitar la tarjeta de residencia permanente por sà ­ mismo mediante la presentacià ³n el formulario  I-360. El requisito indispensable es que debe enviarse dicha planilla antes de que pasen dos aà ±os a contar desde el dà ­a de fallecimiento de su cà ³nyuge. Por ejemplo, si el ciudadano estadounidense fallecià ³ el 1 de mayo de 2018, la presentacià ³n del I-360 debe realizarse antes del 30 de abril de 2020. El costo actual de ese formulario es de $435. Ademà ¡s, en estos casos, la persona viuda no puede contraer nuevo matrimonio mientras està ¡ pendiente de que le salga la residencia permanente. Si lo hace, pierde ese derecho. Por ejemplo, Carolina Sà ¡nchez, viuda de un ciudadano, se casa con Pascual Duarte. Posteriormente se divorcia y quiere saber si podrà ­a iniciar el proceso para obtener la residencia permanente presentando la planilla I-360, basà ¡ndose en su condicià ³n de viuda de un ciudadano. La respuesta es no, ya que perdià ³ su derecho al casarse con Duarte. Asimismo, en la peticià ³n I-360 se puede incluir a los hijos comunes de la persona fallecida y el/la viudo/a y a los hijastros del fallecido solteros y menores de 21 aà ±os.   Cabe destacar que los hijos de la persona fallecida y su viudo/a podrà ­an ser ciudadanos estadounidenses desde su nacimiento. Si nacieron fuera de los Estados Unidos y nunca se pidià ³ para ellos la ciudadanà ­a, hay dos opciones. En primer lugar, aplicar por la ciudadanà ­a para ellos, en estos casos las autoridades estadounidenses podrà ­an pedirse una prueba de ADN. En segundo lugar, podrà ­a optarse por directamente incluir a los hijos en la peticià ³n del viudo/a y obtener asà ­, una green card. Finalmente, destacar que aplica tanto a los viudos que ya tenà ­an un I-130 presentado a su nombre en el momento de fallecimiento del ciudadano estadounidense como a los que no lo tenà ­an y, por lo tanto, siguen la opcià ³n de la presentacià ³n del I-360, la obligacià ³n demostrar que los esposos no estaban ni divorciados ni separados legalmente en el momento del fallecimiento del cà ³nyuge ciudadano. Asimismo, debe tenerse en consideracià ³n que si el ciudadano fallecido era militar y su fallecimiento ocurrià ³ en combate, el viudo/a debe asesorare porque puede tener derecho a beneficios especiales en aplicacià ³n de la ley 108-136. Trà ¡mites segà ºn el paà ­s de residencia del viudo Si el viudo vive en Estados Unidos ademà ¡s de la peticià ³n I-130 (si ya la habà ­a presentado el cà ³nyuge fallecido) o el I-360, se debe solicitar un ajuste de estatus mediante la forma I-485. Se puede presentar conjuntamente con la I-360 o en un momento posterior. Cabe destacar que si el fallecido habà ­a pedido a su cà ³nyuge mediante la planilla I-130 es muy posible que el ajuste de estatus ya està © pedido, en este caso no hay que volver a hacerlo. Es importante destacar que los migrantes indocumentados que llegaron a Estados Unidos cruzando ilegalmente la frontera no pueden ajustar su estatus. Las personas en esta situacià ³n deben asesorarse con un abogado antes de iniciar o seguir los trà ¡mites. Sin embargo, los migrantes que sà ­ pueden ajustar su estatus pueden solicitar un permiso de trabajo mientras espera a que se apruebe. Asimismo, pueden pedir un documento para viajar que se conoce como advance parole y que permite salir y entrar de nuevo en Estados Unidos sin ningà ºn problema. Estos dos beneficios se solicitan con el ajuste de estatus. Por el contrario, si el viudo vive fuera del paà ­s debe ir a travà ©s de lo que se conoce como procedimiento consular. Una vez que USCIS aprueba la peticià ³n, el Centro Nacional de Visas inicia la parte final del trà ¡mite que culminarà ¡ con la entrevista del viudo/a en un consulado estadounidense para la obtencià ³n de la visa de inmigrante para ingresar a EE.UU. como residente permanente. Problemas para sacar la green card para viudos de ciudadanos Para obtener la residencia permanente no es suficiente ser viudo de un ciudadano. Ademà ¡s,  hay que cumplir con los requisitos generales de admisibilidad en Estados Unidos. Si no se cumplen, la tarjeta de residencia serà ¡ negada. Entre todos los posibles problemas destaca, por su frecuencia, el de aplicacià ³n del castigo de los 3 y de los 10 aà ±os a los migrantes que han estado ilegalmente en Estados Unidos 180 dà ­as corridos o mà ¡s. En el caso de existir una causa de inadmisibilidad, dependiendo de la naturaleza de la misma podrà ­a ser posible solicitar una waiver, tambià ©n conocido como perdà ³n o permiso. Cambio de la ley El 28 de octubre de 2009 se revocà ³ la ley que exigà ­a a los viudos dos aà ±os de matrimonio con un ciudadano para poder sacar la residencia permanente. Desde entonces ya no aplica ese requisito. Puntos clave: obtencià ³n de green card para viudos de ciudadanos Si el fallecido ya habà ­a presentado un I-130 para pedir green card para su cà ³nyuge, no es necesaria otra peticià ³n.Si el fallecido no habà ­a presentado una peticià ³n para su viudo/a, à ©ste puede auto-solicitar la green card mediante la planilla I-360.El costo actual del formulario I-360 es de $435La presentacià ³n del I-360 debe completarse antes de cumplirse dos aà ±os de la fecha de fallecimiento del ciudadano estadounidense. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal

Comparison Of The Movie The Crucible - 827 Words

The Crucible, a movie directed by Nicholas Hytner, was critically acclaimed and earned several awards. It received an Academy Award nomination for best screenplay based on material previously produced or published, a BAFTA award for best-adapted screenplay, and Golden Globe awards for supporting actor and actress in a motion picture. In Empire’s review, they say, â€Å"In this almost perfect screen adaptation, the lingering question is the most important one: what caused such madness?† This movie adaptation is objectively superior than the written play for many reasons. One reason is how the characters are portrayed, specifically John Proctor. The way Nicholas Hytner deals with the other characters is exceptional as well. Nicholas Hytner’s The†¦show more content†¦The movie has a visual aspect that the play cannot provide. When reading the play, the reader must rely on their own imagination for visualizing the characters based on the descriptions given. Beyond the dialogue, the movie can show more explicitly how the characters are descending into madness. The play cannot show you facial expressions and body language that the actors in the movie can depict. One example is Goodwife Putnam, who is driven crazy from her daughter’s mysterious affliction. Frances Conroy’s performance in the movie brings the added layers of her desperate facial expressions and strident voice. Winona Ryder’s Abigail Williams is another great example, because as her character becomes more and more unhinged, we see her less kept together, and in one scene she is missing her bonnet. One might argue, if you want the best interpretation of The Crucible, you should read the original play because it is exactly what Arthur Miller wanted to express with the story. This would seem to be logical, as the play is his original work. However, one could also debate that most plays rely on the director’s and the actor’s interpretation while they are in production. Most plays or musicals rely heavily on the imagination of who is putting on the show. With this power in hand, they can change the play for better or for worse. And in the case of this movie, it was exceptional. To defend the playShow MoreRelatedThe Crucible1591 Words   |  7 PagesThe Crucible Many different parts form together to make up the society we see in The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller. Whether it be religion, government, or social roles; they all play some sort of impacting part to the characters we met while watching The Crucible. Who knew that religion and government could change a person’s life in a matter of minutes like it did so many times throughout the movie. The characters like Abigail Williams and John Proctor both knew the risks of going againstRead MoreThe Crucible By Arthur Miller1358 Words   |  6 PagesA. The movie, The Crucible, was produced in 1996 and portrayed the dramatized play written by Arthur Miller in 1953. The movie story deals with the Salem, Massachusetts hysteria in 1692 with an irrational fear of the devil. Witch hunts and false accusations resulted. Trials took place and resulted in the hanging and associated death of more than 20 people and the false imprisonment of many others. B. The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings and prosecutions of people accused of witchcraftRead MoreTelevision Interview : The Crucible 1118 Words   |  5 Pagesplayed the role of John Proctor in the movie, â€Å"The Crucible†. Tell us briefly about your role. D: Well, I play the role of John Proctor, Elizabeth’s husband, as a local farmer who is a stern, harsh-tongued man of high social standing and integrity and who hates hypocrisy. He is a proud man who places great emphasis on his reputation in society. ABC: As in most plays and movies, there are important themes represented. What are some of these in the movie? 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The Vampire Diaries Dark Reunion Chapter Eight Free Essays

From where Bonnie and Meredith sat in the car, they could just see Vickie’s window. It would have been better to be closer, but then someone might have discovered them. Meredith poured the last of the coffee out of the thermos and drank it. We will write a custom essay sample on The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Eight or any similar topic only for you Order Now Then she yawned. She caught herself guiltily and looked at Bonnie. â€Å"You having trouble sleeping at night too?† â€Å"Yes. I can’t imagine why,† Meredith said. â€Å"Do you think the guys are having a little talk?† Meredith glanced at her quickly, obviously surprised, then smiled. Bonnie realized Meredith hadn’t expected her to catch on. â€Å"I hope so,† Meredith said. â€Å"It might do Matt some good.† Bonnie nodded and relaxed back into the seat. Meredith’s car had never seemed so comfortable before. When she looked at Meredith again, the dark-haired girl was asleep. Oh, great. Terrific. Bonnie stared into the dregs of her coffee mug, making a face. She didn’t dare relax again; if they both fell asleep, it could be disastrous. She dug her nails into her palms and stared at Vickie’s lighted window. When she found the image blurring and doubling on her, she knew something had to be done. Fresh air. That would help. Without bothering to be too quiet about it, she unlocked the door and pulled the handle up. The door clicked open, but Meredith went on breathing deeply. She must really be tired, Bonnie thought, getting out. She shut the door more gently, locking Meredith inside. It was only then that she realized she herself didn’t have a key. Oh, well, she’d wake Meredith to let her back in. Meanwhile she’d go check on Vickie. Vickie was probably still awake. The sky was brooding and overcast, but the night was warm. Behind Vickie’s house the black walnut trees stirred very faintly. Crickets sang, but their monotonous chirping only seemed like part of a larger silence. The scent of honeysuckle filled Bonnie’s nostrils. She tapped on Vickie’s window lightly with her fingernails, peering through the crack in the curtains. No answer. On the bed she could make out a lump of blankets with unkempt brown hair sticking out the top. Vickie was asleep too. As Bonnie stood there, the silence seemed to thicken around her. The crickets weren’t singing anymore, and the trees were still. And yet it was as if she was straining to hear something she knew was there. None of her ordinary senses told her this. But her sixth sense, the one that sent chills up her arms and ice down her spine, the one that was newly awakened to the presence of Power, was certain. There was†¦ something†¦ near. Something†¦ watching her. She turned slowly, afraid to make a sound. If she didn’t make any noise, maybe whatever it was wouldn’t get her. Maybe it wouldn’t notice her. The silence had become deadly, menacing. It hummed in her ears with the beat of her own blood. And she couldn’t help imagining what might come screaming out of it at any minute. Something with hot, moist hands, she thought, staring into the darkness of the backyard. Black on gray, black on black was all she could see. Every shape might be anything, and all the shadows seemed to be moving. Something with hot, sweaty hands and arms strong enough to crush her- The snap of a twig exploded through her like gunfire. She spun toward it, eyes and ears straining. But there was only darkness and silence. Fingers touched the back of her neck. Bonnie whirled again, almost falling, almost fainting. She was too frightened to scream. When she saw who it was, shock robbed all her senses and her muscles collapsed. She would have ended up in a heap on the ground if he hadn’t caught her and held her straight. â€Å"You look frightened,† Damon said softly. Bonnie shook her head. She didn’t have any voice yet. She thought she still might faint. But she tried to pull away just the same. He didn’t tighten his grip, but he didn’t let go. And struggling did about as much good as trying to break a brick wall with bare hands. She gave up and tried to calm her breathing. â€Å"Are you frightened of me?† Damon said. He smiled reprovingly, as if they shared a secret. â€Å"You don’t need to be.† How had Elena managed to deal with this? But Elena hadn’t, of course, Bonnie realized. Elena had succumbed to Damon in the end. Damon had won and had his way. He released one of her arms to trace, very lightly, the curve of her upper lip. â€Å"I suppose I should go away,† he said, â€Å"and not scare you anymore. Is that what you want?† Like a rabbit with a snake, Bonnie thought. This is how the rabbit feels. Only I don’t suppose he’ll kill me. I might just die on my own, though. She felt as if her legs might melt away at any minute, as if she might collapse. There was a warmth and a trembling inside her. Elena wouldn’t like it, she thought, just as his lips touched hers. Yes, that was it. But the problem was, she didn’t have the strength to say it. The warmth was growing, rushing out to all parts of her, from her fingertips to the soles of her feet. His lips were cool, like silk, but everything else was so warm. She didn’t need to be afraid; she could just let go and float on this. Sweetness rushed through her†¦ â€Å"What the hell is going on?† The voice broke the silence, broke the spell. Bonnie started and found herself able to turn her head. Matt was standing at the edge of the yard, his fists clenched, his eyes like chips of blue ice. Ice so cold it burned. â€Å"Get away from her,† Matt said. To Bonnie’s surprise, the grip on her arms eased. She stepped back, straightening her blouse, a little breathless. Her mind was working again. â€Å"It’s okay,† she said to Matt, her voice almost normal. â€Å"I was just-â€Å" â€Å"Go back to the car and stay there.† Now wait a minute, thought Bonnie. She was glad Matt had come; the interruption had been very conveniently timed. But he was coming on a little heavy with the protective older brother bit. â€Å"Look, Matt-â€Å" â€Å"Go on,† he said, still staring at Damon. Meredith wouldn’t have let herself be ordered around this way. And Elena certainly wouldn’t. Bonnie opened her mouth to tell Matt to go sit in the car himself when she suddenly realized something. This was the first time in months she’d seen Matt really care about anything. The light was back in those blue eyes-that cold flash of righteous anger that used to make even Tyler Smallwood back down. Matt was alive right now, and full of energy. He was himself again. Bonnie bit her lip. For a moment she struggled with her pride. Then she conquered it and lowered her eyes. â€Å"Thanks for rescuing me,† she murmured, and left the yard. Matt was so angry he didn’t dare move closer to Damon for fear he might take a swing at him. And the chilling darkness in Damon’s eyes told him that wouldn’t be a very good idea. But Damon’s voice was smooth, almost dispassionate. â€Å"My taste for blood isn’t just a whim, you know. It’s a necessity you’re interfering with here. I’m only doing what I have to.† Contemptuously he said, â€Å"Why don’t you pick on somebody your own size, then?† Damon smiled and the air went colder. â€Å"Like you?† Matt just stared at him. He could feel muscles clench in his jaw. After a moment he said tightly, â€Å"You can try.† â€Å"I can do more than try, Matt.† Damon took a single step toward him like a stalking panther. Involuntarily, Matt thought of jungle cats, of their powerful spring and their sharp, tearing teeth. He thought of what Tyler had looked like in the Quonset hut last year when Stefan was through with him. Red meat. Just red meat and blood. â€Å"What was that history teacher’s name?† Damon was saying silkily. He seemed amused now, enjoying this. â€Å"Mr. Tanner, wasn’t it? I did more than try with him.† â€Å"You’re a murderer.† Damon nodded, unoffended, as if he’d just been introduced. â€Å"Of course, he stuck a knife in me. I wasn’t planning to drain him quite dry, but he annoyed me and I changed my mind. You’re annoying me now, Matt.† Matt had his knees locked to keep from running. It was more than the catlike stalking grace, it was more than those unearthly black eyes fastened on his. There was something inside Damon that whispered terror to the human brain. Some menace that spoke directly to Matt’s blood, telling him to do anything to get away. But he wouldn’t run. His conversation with Stefan was blurred in his mind right now, but he knew one thing from it. Even if he died here, he wouldn’t run. â€Å"Don’t be stupid,† Damon said, as if he’d heard every word of Matt’s thoughts. â€Å"You’ve never had blood taken from you by force, have you? It hurts, Matt. It hurts a lot.† Elena, Matt remembered. That first time when she’d taken his blood he’d been scared, and the fear had been bad enough. But he’d been doing it of his own volition then. What would it be like when he was unwilling? I will not run. I will not look away. Aloud he said, still looking straight at Damon, â€Å"If you’re going to kill me, you’d better stop talking and do it. Because maybe you can make me die, but that’s all you can make me do.† â€Å"You’re even stupider than my brother,† Damon said. With two steps he crossed the distance to Matt. He grabbed Matt by his T-shirt, one hand on either side of the throat. â€Å"I guess I’ll have to teach you the same way.† Everything was frozen. Matt could smell his own fear, but he wouldn’t move. He couldn’t move now. Damon’s teeth were a white glitter in the dark. Sharp as carving knives. Matt could almost feel the razor bite of them before they touched him. I will not surrender anything, he thought, and closed his eyes. The shove took him completely off balance. He stumbled and fell backward, his eyes flying open. Damon had let go and pushed him away. Expressionless, those black eyes looked down at him where he sat in the dirt. â€Å"I’ll try to put this in a way you can understand,† Damon said. â€Å"You don’t want to mess with me, Matt. I am more dangerous than you can possibly imagine. Now get out of here. It’s my watch.† Silently, Matt got up. He rubbed at his shirt where Damon’s hands had crumpled it. And then he left, but he didn’t run and he didn’t flinch from Damon’s eyes. I won, he thought. I’m still alive, so I won. And there had been a kind of grim respect in those black eyes in the end. It made Matt wonder about some things. It really did. Bonnie and Meredith were sitting in the car when he got back. They both looked concerned. â€Å"You were gone a long time,† Bonnie said. â€Å"Are you okay?† Matt wished people would stop asking him that. â€Å"I’m fine,† he said, and then added, â€Å"Really.† After a moment’s thought he decided there was something else he should say. â€Å"Sorry if I yelled at you back there, Bonnie.† â€Å"That’s all right,† Bonnie said coolly. Then, thawing, she said, â€Å"You really do look better, you know. More like your old self.† â€Å"Yeah?† He rubbed at his crumpled T-shirt again, looking around. â€Å"Well, tangling with vampires is obviously a great warm-up exercise.† â€Å"What’d you guys do? Lower your heads and run at each other from opposite sides of the yard?† asked Meredith. â€Å"Something like that. He says he’s going to watch Vickie now.† â€Å"Do you think we can trust him?† Meredith said soberly. Matt considered. â€Å"As a matter of fact, I do. It’s weird, but I don’t think he’s going to hurt her. And if the killer comes along, I think he’s in for a surprise. Damon’s spoiling for a fight. We might as well go back to the library for Stefan.† Stefan wasn’t visible outside the library, but when the car had cruised up and down the street once or twice he materialized out of the darkness. He had a thick book with him. â€Å"Breaking and entering and grand theft, library book,† Meredith remarked. â€Å"I wonder what you get for that these days?† â€Å"You mean you found it? You figured it out? Then you can tell us everything, like you promised,† Bonnie said. â€Å"Let’s go to the boarding house.† Stefan looked slightly surprised when he heard that Damon had turned up and stationed himself at Vickie’s, but he made no comment. Matt didn’t tell him exactly how Damon had turned up, and he noticed Bonnie didn’t either. â€Å"I’m almost positive about what’s going on in Fell’s Church. And I’ve got half the puzzle solved, anyway,† Stefan said once they were all settled in his room in the boarding house attic. â€Å"But there’s only one way to prove it, and only one way to solve the other half. I need help, but it isn’t something I’m going to ask lightly.† He was looking at Bonnie and Meredith as he said it. They looked at each other, then back at him. â€Å"This guy killed one of our friends,† said Meredith. â€Å"And he’s driving another one crazy. If you need our help, you’ve got it.† â€Å"Whatever it takes,† Bonnie added. â€Å"It’s something dangerous, isn’t it?† Matt demanded. He couldn’t restrain himself. As if Bonnie hadn’t been through enough†¦ â€Å"It’s dangerous, yes. But it’s their fight too, you know.† â€Å"Darn right it is,† said Bonnie. Meredith was obviously trying to repress a smile. Finally she had to turn away and grin. â€Å"Matt’s back,† she said when Stefan asked her what the joke was. â€Å"We missed you,† added Bonnie. Matt couldn’t understand why they were all smiling at him, and it made him feel hot and uncomfortable. He went over to stand by the window. â€Å"It is dangerous; I won’t try to kid you about that,† Stefan said to the girls. â€Å"But it’s the only chance. The whole thing’s a little complicated, and I’d better start at the beginning. We have to go back to the founding of Fell’s Church†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He talked on late into the night. Thursday, June 11, 7:00 a.m. Dear Diary, I couldn’t write last night, because I got in too late. Mom was upset again. She’d have been hysterical if she’d known what I was actually doing. Hanging out with vampires and planning something that may get me killed. That may get us all killed. Stefan has a plan to trap the guy who murdered Sue. It reminds me of some of Elena’s plans-and that’s what worries me. They always sounded wonderful, but lots of the time they went wrong. Anyway, we’re going to do it after graduation. We’re all in on it except Damon, who’ll be watching Vickie. It’s strange, but we all trust him now. Even me. Despite what he did to me last night, I don’t think he’ll let Vickie get hurt. I haven’t had any more dreams about Elena. I think if I do, I will go absolutely screaming berserk. Or never go to sleep again. I just can’t take any more of that. All right. I’d better go. Hopefully, by Sunday we’ll have the mystery solved and die killer caught. I trust Stefan. I just hope I can remember my part. How to cite The Vampire Diaries: Dark Reunion Chapter Eight, Essay examples

The Agricultural Revolution from the Neolithic Age to a New Era of Agricultural Growth

The introduction So, first of all, I would like to point out that Neolithic Revolution is one of the most interesting technological discoveries of pre-history. The discovery of tools is recognized to be one of the most important events of human development, as it is a well-known fact that â€Å"The development of tools such as flint points, axes, weapons such as the spear and the bow and arrow, snares, and hooks is a reflection of the change from gathering and scavenging to hunting† (â€Å"Neolithic Revolution and the Discovery of Agriculture† 1).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Agricultural Revolution: from the Neolithic Age to a New Era of Agricultural Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another important point of humans’ development is recognized to be control of fire. Generally, I suppose that this aspect is of great importance as fire provided people of the Neolithic Age with heat and light. On the other hand, the discovery of fire helped people to cook food. In my opinion, this aspect is very important, as at that time numerous food items were not only unpalatable, but also unsanitary. The most significant discovery of humankind is considered to be the way to preserve fire. On the other hand, one may point out that another key technique people became familiar with is getting fire due to combustion processes. For this reason, I suppose that one can make a conclusion that Neolithic Revolution is the key moment in the history of humans’ development. Finally, another important aspect of the age is considered to be the invention of agriculture. This process includes domestication of various wild animals, management of plants, etc. Generally, when talking about the invention of agriculture, one is to make a conclusion that the dawn of profound social changes had started in times of Neolithic Age. It is said that â€Å"Agriculture was adopted rep eatedly and independently in various parts of the world after the retreat of the Pleitocene ice around 12,000 years ago† (â€Å"Neolithic Revolution and the Discovery of Agriculture† 1). The discovery of the wheel is another important event, which is to be highlighted. Thus, this invention marked the beginning of the so-called mechanical revolution. Stages of human development Generally, the stages of human development include hunting and gathering, use of wild grains, and Neolithic agricultural revolution. The last point is characterized by the so-called New Stone Age, farming, domestication of dogs, goats, and other wild animals. Numerous social consequences also took place.Advertising Looking for research paper on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The body The Neolithic Age and Agricultural Revolution This period started 10,000 years ago. The Neolithic Age is mostly associated with â€Å"the use of polished stone implements, development of permanent dwellings, cultural advances such as pottery making, domestication of animals and plants, the cultivation of grain and fruit trees, and weaving† (â€Å"Neolithic Revolution and the Discovery of Agriculture† 1). On the other hand, the definition of the Neolithic Revolution is mostly related to farming appearance. When bronze tools appeared, this period was called the late period of revolution; or, in other words – the Late Neolithic Period. Origins of agriculture are still quite ambiguous. To understand the precise origin of agriculture, one is to analyze numerous aspects, including various ecological types, a mind climate, hunting and fishing aspects, flora, etc. â€Å"The spread of early agricultural techniques led to new advances as new plant forms were carried to new environments† (â€Å"Neolithic Revolution and the Discovery of Agriculture† 1). The earliest tools were made from stones. Gene rally, they say that the first traces of agricultural development were obvious on the territory of the Fertile Crescent. As far as I know, Israel and Iraq are considered to be modern areas of agricultural development. Adze and axe 7000 BCE – 5000 BCE The process of domestication can’t be neglected and requires some more attention. Thus, there is an opinion that domestication took place for religious reasons. For instance, various ceremonies and rituals were held to worship Gods as well as to present them with gifts. Christopher Paik is of the opinion that in time of the Neolithic Age â€Å"the regions of fertile lands also adopted agriculture early, and they also developed more extractive institutions; the regions that had less suitable lands for agriculture on the other hand adopted agriculture later and developed less extractive institutions† (4).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The Agricultural Revolution: from the Neolithic A ge to a New Era of Agricultural Growth specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More On the other hand, domestication can be also explained by certain climatic changes. â€Å"In agricultural societies children are assets, so once the decision is made to depend on agriculture, populations inevitably increase and the economy becomes locked into agriculture† (â€Å"Neolithic Revolution and the Discovery of Agriculture† 3). Finally, I would like to point out that nomadism can also explain agricultural development. In other words, there is certain interdependence between hunting and farming. Generally, the major points of the Neolithic Revolution are food raising, settled life (it includes the construction of villages, towns, and first cities), new technologies, and social organization. (â€Å"The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution† 12) Fertile Crescent, South Asia, East Asia, Central America, Egypt, Vietnam, etc. are considered to be the most well-known areas of agriculture development. The earliest near East town were Ain Ghazal (Jordan), Jericho (in our days, it is modern Palestine), and Catal Huyuk (in our days, it is contemporary Turkey). Demographic changes are also recognized to be rather important. Thus, I would like to tell a few words about this aspect. So, it is necessary to point out that the availability of food items influenced higher populations. In this respect, some extra points can be added. For instance, sedentary mode of life permitted more children. On the other hand, this mode of life also caused various illnesses. The illnesses were spread from animals. Of course, taking into account people’s constant interactions, one can point out that the diseases caused epidemics.Advertising Looking for research paper on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More So, another important aspect I would like to highlight is related to the so-called social transformation. This aspect includes increasing organization (families, large societies, chiefdoms, states), social stratification (some food producers appeared, – they provided societies with food items; craft specialization, religious elites, hereditary rulers, slavery, gender discrimination), welfare of separate societies or groups. The fist states are also to be considered. Various chiefdoms competed for domination. Thus, the first states were formed. The functions of the state were to resolve internal disorders, to protect the state from external threats, and to redistribute resources. Finally, the basic elements of civilization were political institutions, organized religion, administrative centers, hierarchical system of classes, taxation, specialization of labor, technological development, trade, and the last step – writing. The conclusion The Agricultural Revolution: New Era In the untimely part of the 18th century, several farmers had narrow pieces of land that they would cultivate and generate their food (Snell 62). This system had several limitations among them being wastage of land the banks of earth that divided the narrow pieces of lands. Moreover, the drainage system for these lands was poor, and since the farmers had little knowledge on land fertility, they had to leave some land fellow every four years to improve their fertility. This means that here was no agricultural revolution because this practice persisted for an unusually long period. Besides, the general modifications in farming were extremely slow. The problem with that was that food production remained constant while the population increased. Therefore, some people begun to experience food shortages, which meant that something had to be done. However, in early 19th century, farmers begun to encompass new farming methods such as Norforlk Crop rotation system, which helped them, eli minate the problems of land fallow. The land was split in four portions with different crops planted in them (Bellis par. 6). The crop that would be produced in each section would be rotated so that distinct nutrients would be consumed from the land. For example, in one year, crop such as turnips would be cultivated and in the second year, barley cultivated on the same land piece turnips crops, which in turn, replaces the barleys in their initial land. In the third year, a grass crop replaces the barley and in the fourth year wheat grown in the field. This process helped the farmers grow some crops for profits such as wheat and barley. As the demand of food rose, individuals began to make modifications to the types of farming machines they used in their farms among them being the threshing and drilling machines (Bellwood 27). These types of inventions accompanied with field enclosure method, facilitated agriculture to grow swiftly and generate adequate food for the increasing popula tion. Other inventions such as the plow, creation of large-scale agricultural generation potential and leading agrarian communities led to the agricultural revolution that generated an alteration of human society. The revolution had such a massive significance on society that several individual refer to as the â€Å"dawn of civilization.† It was during the same era when the plow was discovered that the writing, wheel and numbers were also discovered (Snell 201). The agricultural revolution drew more attention on the changes that occurred because of the domestication upheaval that lengthened the evolution effects even further in community. The following figure shows the breakdown of radical changes that occurred during agricultural revolution. In time of the revolution era, stratification appeared as the principal feature of social life. This integration of authority and resources finally led to the establishment of the state as the wealthy and authoritative established instit ution of the state to consolidate their gains even further (Bellis par. 3). The farmers of early days in America had poor agricultural equipments that could not lead to incredible harvest. Agricultural plows that Roman farmers had were better than the American farmers’ plows. By description, a plow (others call it plough) refers to farm equipment with one or several blades that smashes the soil and cut a furrow for spreading seeds (Cohen 35). So, while analyzing the above-mentioned facts, one can state that agricultural development began a long time ago with acceleration and pressure from the increasing population that increased the demand of food. The agricultural revolution was mainly on the farming tools that reduced labor and increased production. Works Cited Bellis, Mary. The Agricultural Revolution: Introduction to the Agricultural Revolution, 2012. Web. Bellwood, Peter. First Farmers: The Origins of Agricultural Societies. Malden  (MA):  Blackwell  Publishers,  2004.  Print. Cohen, Mark Nathan. The Food Crisis in Prehistory: Overpopulation and the Origins of Agriculture. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1977. Print. Neolithic Revolution and the Discovery of Agriculture, n.d., Web. Paik, Christopher. Historical Underpinnings of Institutions: Evidence from the Neolithic Revolution, 2010. Web. Snell, K.D.M. Annals of the Labouring Poor, Social Change and Agrarian England 1660-1900. Cambridge University Presslocation: Cambridge, UK, 1985. Print. The Neolithic Agricultural Revolution, n.d., Web. This research paper on The Agricultural Revolution: from the Neolithic Age to a New Era of Agricultural Growth was written and submitted by user Gregory Acevedo to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Quiet Room essays

The Quiet Room essays 1. Schizophrenia is a mental illness, characterized by a range of symptoms. Most common symptoms include delusions and hallucinations. Additional symptoms of schizophrenia found in humans include: bizarre behavior, loss of contact with reality, disorganized thinking and speaking, decreased emotional expressiveness, social withdrawal and memory loss. When a person smiles at another person, the usual response is to smile back. When a schizophrenic person sees ones smile, he/she wonders, Why are they laughing at me? Schizophrenics think that everyone is against them, causing everything to be rarely funny. Unlike other mental illnesses, schizophrenia has a fading effect on the persons life. They soon lose the ability to distinguish the difference between real and unreal experiences, also called delusions. Lori recalling how she killed her dog, beating it to death, is an example of delusion. It actually happened in her head, and only in her head. The illness takes over and shuts them down until they cannot operate, causing a both a high number of suicides and attempted suicides. People with schizophrenia usually exhibit short attention spans and abstract thinking. Also, they are more likely to abuse and/or become dependent on drugs and alcohol. To describe the suffers of schizophrenia, common terms like mad and insane are used by the outside world Erikson formulated many different, but sequential stages in human development. The first is the trust versus mistrust stage. This occurs in the first year of childs life, with the infant gaining a sense of trust. Responsive and sensitive caregivers meet their basic needs. Lori was treated well by her parents as an infant. She also developed within the following stages successfully. Stage two is autonomy versus shame , which occurs in the second year of infancy. Infants start to find that th...

Spanish Vocabulary for Lent, Holy Week, and Easter

Spanish Vocabulary for Lent, Holy Week, and Easter Easter is the most widely and ardently celebrated holiday in most of the Spanish-speaking world - even bigger than Christmas -   and Lent is observed nearly everywhere. The week before Easter, known as Santa Semana, is a vacation week in Spain and most of Latin America, and in some areas, the vacation period extends to the following week. Thanks to their strong Roman Catholic heritage, most countries celebrate Holy Week by emphasizing the events leading up to the death of Jesus (Jesà ºs or Jesucristo), often with large processions, with Easter set aside for family gatherings and/or carnival-like celebrations. Words and Phrases As you learn about Easter - or, if youre fortunate, travel to where its celebrated - in Spanish, here are some words and phrases youll want to know. el carnival - Carnival, a celebration that takes place in the days immediately preceding Lent. Carnivals in Latin America and Spain are usually organized locally and last several days. la cofradà ­a - a brotherhood associated with a Catholic parish. In many communities, such brotherhoods have organized Holy Week observances for centuries. la Crucifixià ³n - the Crucifixion. la Cuaresma - Lent. The word is related to cuarenta, the number 40, for the 40 days of fasting and prayer (Sundays not included) that take place during the period. It is often observed through various kinds of self-denial. el Domingo de Pascua - Easter Sunday. Other names for the day include Domingo de Gloria, Domingo de Pascua, Domingo de Resurreccià ³n, and Pascua Florida. el Domingo de Ramos - Palm Sunday, the Sunday before Easter. It commemorates the arrival of Jesus in Jerusalem five days before his death. (A ramo in this context is a tree branch or a bunch of palm fronds.) la Fiesta de Judas - a ceremony in parts of Latin America, usually held the day before Easter, in which an effigy of Judas, who betrayed Jesus, is hung, burned, or otherwise mistreated. la Fiesta del Cuasimodo - a celebration held in Chile the Sunday after Easter. los huevos de Pascua - Easter eggs. In some areas, painted or chocolate eggs are part of the Easter celebration. They are not associated with the Easter bunny in Spanish-speaking countries. el Jueves Santo - Maundy Thursday, the Thursday before Easter. It commemorates the Last Supper. el Lunes de Pascua - Easter Monday, the day after Easter. It is a legal holiday in several Spanish-speaking countries. el Martes de Carnaval - Mardi Gras, the last day before Lent. el Mià ©rcoles de Ceniza - Ash Wednesday, the first day of Lent. The main Ash Wednesday ritual involves having ashes imposed on ones forehead in the shape of a cross during Mass. el mona de Pascua - a type of Easter pastry eaten primarily in the Mediterranean areas of Spain. la Pascua de Resurreccià ³n - Easter. Usually, Pascua stands by itself as the word used most often to refer to Easter. Coming from the Hebrew pesah, the word for Passover, pascua can refer to almost any holy day, usually in phrases such as Pascua judà ­a (Passover) and Pascua de la Natividad (Christmas). el paso - an elaborate float that is carried in Holy Week processions in some areas. The pasos typically carry representations of the Crucifixion or other events in the Holy Week story. la Resurreccià ³n - the Resurrection. la rosca de Pascua - a ring-shaped cake that is part of the Easter celebration in some areas, especially Argentina. el Sbado de Gloria - Holy Saturday, the day before Easter. It is also called Sbado Santo. la Santa Cena - The Last Supper. It is also known as la Última Cena. la Santa Semana - Holy Week, the eight days that begin with Palm Sunday and end with Easter. el và ­a crucis - This phrase from Latin, sometimes spelled as viacrucis, refers to any of the 14 Stations of the Cross (Estaciones de la Cruz) representing the stages of Jesus walk (sometimes called la Và ­a Dolorosa) to Calvary, where he was crucified. It is common for that walk to be re-enacted on Good Friday. (Note that và ­a crucis is masculine even though và ­a by itself is feminine.) el Viernes de Dolores - Friday of Sorrows, also known as Viernes de Pasià ³n. The day to recognize the suffering of Mary, the mother of Jesus, is observed one week before Good Friday. In some areas, this day is recognized as the start of Holy Week. Pasià ³n here refers to suffering just as passion can in a liturgical context.

Control projects, capital management, risk management and evaluation Essay

Control projects, capital management, risk management and evaluation - Essay Example inciple of using this technique concept was used as a tool towards initiatives of standardisation and certification of OHSM systems that complied with the Australian and International standards. In Australia, harmonised occupational health and safety in all States was introduced with the Act and Regulations coming into force in 2012. Under the Act, an employer has an obligation to ensure the health and safety of each of the employer’s workers at work and of others who may be adversely affected by the work being undertaken, including the working environment, systems of work, plant, and substances. The employer must provide information, instruction, training and supervision. In addition an employer needs to monitor the health and safety of employees, manage information, and records relating to work-related injuries. There are also provisions relating to consultation with workers, according to Hopkins (2005) workplace safety requires employers to maintain a safe workplace, so far as reasonably practicable in the language to reduce risks to a level that is as low as reasonably practicable. This approach according to Hopkins (2005) was recommended in the Robens report in 1972, with the Robens conjecture being adopted in many jurisdictions. This paper has addressed the requirements of WBL 8020 (2) units. Beginning with an introduction of the developments of the standard 1 Boral OHSM with reference to the implementation of the concept of a conceptual framework that outlines and presents a preferred method in categorising risk strategically and objectively in business activities. The core elements of the system have been introduced in the (Appendix power point), with the concept of the system being discussed. This paper has addressed some of the preconditions for successful... The purpose of this paper is to examine courses of actions and implementation in a conceptual framework that outlines and presents a preferred approach in categorising risk strategically and objectively in our organisational enterprise activities. This paper will venture in constructing a reflective consciousness of the existing risk measures taken when developing and implementations of the strategy process of endorsing our company moving to a single Health and Safety System that will provide a standardised robust HSE system that can be embedded at all National BCM Boral operational sites and offices. The project was to develop one safety management system throughout the Company nationally. The strategy piloted 5 different sites incorporating the BCM business units of the Company (Asphalt, Quarries, Concrete and Logistics) in New South Wales incorporating all business units of BCM Boral operations of the company, determining how safety is managed throughout the business. Feedback was required from personnel from these sites to make necessary changes to the system. The implementation of a National safety management system was undertaken in four phases that was used as an outline for evaluating the effectiveness of project implementation. †¢ Phase one (1) involved planning of OHS National Safety management system. †¢ Phase two (2) focused on reactive safety management processes. †¢ Phase three (3) focused on predictive and proactive safety management processes. †¢ Phase four (4) focused on operational safety assurance.

Nazi Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nazi Germany - Essay Example However, we know that ethnic nationalism is the focal point of Hitler’s ideology. Nationalism gives rise to unity which can revolutionize the efforts and has a power to bring change at large. Due to this confrontation between racism and nationalism, Nazism has faced strong criticism from the nationalists around the world. This movement led the nations towards extreme destruction and annihilation of the millions innocent people. Moreover, we cannot ignore the fact that this ethnic nationalism was the main root-cause of the Second World War and the main reason for disrupting the international peace. The sole purpose behind mass destruction and violence was to create and sustain the supremacy of the Aryan race and to fulfill the motive; Hitler crossed all the borders of intolerance and abhorrence for other nations, considering them as inferior and substandard nations with low-grade races. This increased aggression and hatred for other â€Å"inferior nations† led towards in tense militarism (Fest). It was plain and clear to observe from the facts that Nazis had a deep desire to dominate the greater part of the world which led them to apply any approach that could help them to achieve their goals. Hitler had an innate desire to stretch his regime towards east-side and to let his â€Å"people† to settle down in the most prosperous states. ... This ethnicity violence and hatred for one another benefited Hitler who already had his ideology based on ethnic nationalism (Curta). Josip Broz Tito, a communist and nationalist stood as the toughest contender for Hitler to proceed in Yugoslavia. Nazis considered the South Slavs as low-grade nations with no background and inferior to Aryans. South Slavs and nationals from east side faced more hatred by Hitler as compare to any other nations that have been victimized by him. It was evidently cleared that he considered them as non-humans and had a degrading feeling for them. After the invasion, they were treated with the utmost humiliation. They were prohibited for better education, basic needs as well as any act of kindness was forbidden for them (Curta). They were viewed as racially inferior group by the Reich. Invasion of Yugoslavia and the Initial Military Resistance (Encyclopedia Brittanica): 6th April 1941 marked the beginning of Directive 25 which resulted in the in the Axis( m ostly German) attack on Yugoslavia and within in 11 combat days the Royal Yugoslav army had unconditionally surrendered to tactically and numerically superior Axis forces on 1th April 1941. The Independent State of Croatia (Nezavisna Drzava Hrvatska—NDH) thus came into being (Fest). Due to the technological and tactical prowess of the Axis forces. The Yugoslav army envisioned a war plan (R-41) that in case of an Axis attack on Yugoslavia, the different corps and army groups in Yugoslavia will retreat to the south and the 3rd Army Group would then coordinate with the Greek Army to focus in Albania and attack the Italian forces based there. Thus, a corridor would be created where the Yugoslav and Greek armies would then meet the Allied forces in the

Teenage Drama Shows Essay -- Communication, Media, MTV

Teenagers are a significant segment of the American population. However, teenage drama shows did not make a significant emergence until the 1990’s. Before the 90’s, there were a handful of shows that had adolescents as supporting or main characters but the shows were not geared towards a teen audience. Never Too Young was one of the first so- called â€Å"teen drama† shows that premiered in 1965 and aired for a single season. The show had soap opera elements and chronicled the lives of teenagers. Teen dramas as opposed to teen situation comedies have soap opera elements to them. Some teen dramas can be understood in relation to the long-running serial form in their emphasis on repetition and deferral of resolution, and in this respect, are close to soap opera in narrative organization (Moseley 54). A school setting or home residence is where many teen dramas take place. Similar to soap operas, teen dramas also center around place, character, and relationships, a nd emotional drama is often heightened through the use of close-up and (generally romantic pop) scoring (Moseley 54). Teen drama is geared towards an adolescent audience, therefore episodes address teenage issues: sex, drugs, self -esteem, love, and school violence. The short-lived teen drama, My So Called Life dealt with these issues but due to low ratings was cancelled. My So Called Life was a realistic and dynamic show that should not have been terminated abruptly. One of the original teen dramas, Degrassi Junior High and later Degrassi High, became very popular in both Canada and the US while airing on PBS in the late 80s and early 90s (Silverblatt 21).Several years after Degrassi's premiere, Darren Star created Beverly Hills, 90210 in 1990, along with famous producer Aar... ...MSCL. It was not overly dramatic but not overly artificial in its depiction of teenagers and their parents. There were not many shows of its kind in the mid 1990’s and there are still not many teen dramas of its kind today. In general, there are not many teen dramas period. Many of the teen shows are sitcoms or situation comedies. The few teen dramas on television include Gossip Girl, Vampire Diaries, and The Secret Life of the American Teenager. Out of these three shows, only The Secret Life of the American Teenager has any broad realism to it. Gossip Girl highlights the life of wealthy teenagers and Vampire Diaries is a fantasy show. My So Called Life had a good balance of addressing real topics like homosexuality, sexual harassment, parental arguing, and drug use in a realistic fashion. MSCL captured the anxiety of teen life without becoming overly idealistic. Teenage Drama Shows Essay -- Communication, Media, MTV Teenagers are a significant segment of the American population. However, teenage drama shows did not make a significant emergence until the 1990’s. Before the 90’s, there were a handful of shows that had adolescents as supporting or main characters but the shows were not geared towards a teen audience. Never Too Young was one of the first so- called â€Å"teen drama† shows that premiered in 1965 and aired for a single season. The show had soap opera elements and chronicled the lives of teenagers. Teen dramas as opposed to teen situation comedies have soap opera elements to them. Some teen dramas can be understood in relation to the long-running serial form in their emphasis on repetition and deferral of resolution, and in this respect, are close to soap opera in narrative organization (Moseley 54). A school setting or home residence is where many teen dramas take place. Similar to soap operas, teen dramas also center around place, character, and relationships, a nd emotional drama is often heightened through the use of close-up and (generally romantic pop) scoring (Moseley 54). Teen drama is geared towards an adolescent audience, therefore episodes address teenage issues: sex, drugs, self -esteem, love, and school violence. The short-lived teen drama, My So Called Life dealt with these issues but due to low ratings was cancelled. My So Called Life was a realistic and dynamic show that should not have been terminated abruptly. One of the original teen dramas, Degrassi Junior High and later Degrassi High, became very popular in both Canada and the US while airing on PBS in the late 80s and early 90s (Silverblatt 21).Several years after Degrassi's premiere, Darren Star created Beverly Hills, 90210 in 1990, along with famous producer Aar... ...MSCL. It was not overly dramatic but not overly artificial in its depiction of teenagers and their parents. There were not many shows of its kind in the mid 1990’s and there are still not many teen dramas of its kind today. In general, there are not many teen dramas period. Many of the teen shows are sitcoms or situation comedies. The few teen dramas on television include Gossip Girl, Vampire Diaries, and The Secret Life of the American Teenager. Out of these three shows, only The Secret Life of the American Teenager has any broad realism to it. Gossip Girl highlights the life of wealthy teenagers and Vampire Diaries is a fantasy show. My So Called Life had a good balance of addressing real topics like homosexuality, sexual harassment, parental arguing, and drug use in a realistic fashion. MSCL captured the anxiety of teen life without becoming overly idealistic.

Mitosis Replication of Eukaryotic Cells

Exercise 13MITOSIS: REPLICATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS  ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Mitosis and cytokinesis are often referred to collectively as â€Å"cellular division. † Why are they more accurately called cellular replication? The result of mitosis is production of two cells (replicates) identical to the parent cell. The genetic material is replicated rather than divided.b. Does the cell cycle have a beginning and an end? The organization of our study of cellular events indicates a beginning and end, but the events continue to repeat.2.a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes during interphase, how many chromosomes does it have during metaphase? During metaphase there are 8 double-stranded chromosomes.b. How many does it have after mitosis is complete? After mitosis (and separation of chromatids) there are 16 chromosomes distributed between two nuclei.3.a. Why would we choose an embryonic mass of cells for procedure 13. 3 in which to study the stages of mitosis? embryonic cells a re replicating and growing rapidlyb. Which stage of mitosis most often is associated with the beginning of cytokinesis? usually late anaphase4.a. What region of a root has the most mitotic activity? meristem, just above capb. Why is pinching of the cytoplasm inadequate for cytokinesis in plant cells? Pinching of cytoplasm is not appropriate for rigid cell walls.c. Locate a plant cell in late telophase. What is the volume of the new cells relative to a mature cell? Each cell is smaller (approximately 1/2) than the parent cell.5.a. Why are the combined data from all the class members more meaningful than your results alone? Combined results reduce random error.b. How accurate were your predictions for length of each stage of mitosis? probably not closec. What sources of error can you list for this technique to determine the time elapsed during each stage of mitosis? ariation in onion roots; student's ability to distinguish stages; microscopic cross sections of roots may or may not pas s through the nuclear materialExercise 14MEIOSIS: REDUCTION DIVISION AND GAMETOGENESIS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why would shuffling genetic material and producing new combinations of characteristics be advantageous to a species? New genetic combinations allow adaptation to changing environments.b. When would it be deleterious? New combinations always produce a percentage of disadvantageous characteristics; the risk of bad gene combinations may be inappropriate in a stable, beneficial environment.2. a.Synapsis occurs after chromosomal DNA has replicated. How many chromatids are involved in crossing-over of a homologous pair of chromosomes?b. Suppose synapsis occurred between two homologous chromosomes, and one had alleles for blue eyes and brown hair and the other had alleles for green eyes and blonde hair. How many different combinations of these alleles would be possible? 4 Remember that crossing-over does not necessarily occur between the loci, so the original combinations may re main intact. 3. a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes when it begins meiosis, how many chromosomes does it have after telophase I? Telophase II? with two chromatids each; 4 with one chromatid eachb. What are the major differences between the events of meiosis and mitosis? (see table 14. 2)c. What are some minor differences, and why do you consider them minor? minor differences would be those unrelated to chromosomal events4. a. During gametogenesis a sperm cell undergoes considerable structural change. What are the basics of sperm structure and how does it relate to function? The basics include small head with nucleus; an acrosomal process with enzymes to digest the outer membranes of the egg; a head and neck rich in mitochondria; and tail used to propel the cell to the egg.b. What is the advantage of producing sperm in a system of tubes rather than in solid tissue? because sperm cells can be expelled easily from the body through a system of tubesc. What is each strand of a double-s tranded chromosome called? chromatid5. How would retaining extra cytoplasm enhance survival of a developing oocyte? More cytoplasm contains more nutrients to ensure survival.6. a. What are the relative sizes of oocytes in a dormant follicle, a growing follicle, and a Graafian follicle? dormant oocyte 1X, growing oocyte 5X, mature oocyte 25Xb. Are polar bodies visible in your prepared slide of a cat ovary? Why or why not? probably not, because cells in the ovary usually have not finished meiosis I, and polar bodies disintegrate rapidly DNA FINGERPRINTING LABRestriction Digestion of DNA Samples Observation QuestionsDescribe the samples of DNA (physical properties). The DNA samples are clear, colorless liquid samples.Is there any observable difference between the samples of DNA? No. All samples appear similar.Describe the appearance of the restriction endonuclease mix. The restriction enzymes appear to be clear, colorless liquids.Restriction Digestion of DNA Samples Review QuestionsBef ore you incubated your samples, describe any visible signs of change in the contents of the tubes containing the DNA combined with the restriction enzymes. DNA + EcoRI/PstI enzyme mix: No visible change apparent in the tubes.Can you see any evidence to indicate that your samples of DNA were fragmented or altered in any way by the addition of EcoRI/PstI? Explain. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes.In the absence of visible evidence of change, is it still possible that the DNA samples were fragmented? Explain your reasoning. Yes. They may be chemically changed but the changes may not be visible. Enzymes may have cut the DNA.After a 24 hour incubation period, are there any visible clues that the restriction enzymes may have in some way changed the DNA in any of the tubes? Explain your reasoning. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes but the enzymes may have cut the DNA. The reactions are at the molecular level and too small to be seen.Electrophoresis of Your DNA Samples Review QuestionsThe electrophoresis apparatus creates an electrical field [positive and negative ends of the gel]. DNA molecules are negatively charged. To which pole of the electrophoresis field would you expect DNA to migrate (+ or -)? Explain. Positive.What color represents the negative pole? Black.After DNA samples are loaded in wells, they are â€Å"forced† to move through the gel matrix. Which size fragment (large vs small) would you expect to move toward the opposite end of the gel most quickly? Explain. Smaller. There is less resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Which fragments are expected to travel the shortest distance [remain closest to the well]? Explain. Larger. There is more resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Lesson 4 Thought QuestionsWhat can you assume is contained within each band? DNA fragments.If this were a fingerprinting gel, then how many kinds (samples) of DNA can you assume were placed in each separate well? One.What wo uld be a logical explanation as to why there is more than one band of DNA for each of the samples? The DNA must have been cut into fragments by restriction enzymes.What probably caused the DNA to become fragmented? The chemical action of the restriction enzymes cutting at specific base sequences.Which of the DNA samples have the same number of restriction sites for the restriction endonuclease used? Write the lane numbers.Lanes 2, 3, and 4 (CS, S1, and S2).Which sample has the smallest DNA fragment? The sample in lane 5 (S3).How many restriction sites were there in lane three? Two sites that cut the sample into two fragments.Which DNA samples appear to have been â€Å"cut† into the same number and size of fragments? Lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2).Based on your analysis of the photograph, what is your conclusion about the DNA samples in the photograph? Do any of the samples seem to be from the same source. If so which ones? Describe the evidence that supports your conclusion.The DN A samples in lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2) are from the same individual because they have identical restrictions sites that yield identical fragments.DNA Fingerprinting: OverviewWhat are we trying to determine? Restate the central question. We are trying to determine if samples of DNA that we were provided with are from the same individual or from different individuals.Which of your DNA samples were fragmented? What would your gel look like if the DNA were not fragmented? The number of fragmented samples will vary. They will have one band on the gel if the DNA was not cut.What caused the DNA to become fragmented? The addition of restriction enzymes.What determines where a restriction endonuclease will â€Å"cut† a DNA molecule? A special sequence of bases on the DNA called restriction sites.A restriction endonuclease â€Å"cuts† two DNA molecules at the same location. What can you assume is identical about the molecules at that location? The restriction sites are identical .Do any of your suspect samples appear to have EcoRI or PstI recognition sites at the same location as the DNA from the crime scene? The samples in lanes 2 and 5 match (CS and S3).Based on the above analysis, do any of the suspect samples of DNA seem to be from the same individual as the DNA from the crime scene? Describe the scientific evidence that supports your conclusion. The CS and S3 samples appear to be identical. They both produce similar banding patterns on the gel.Exercise 23 SURVEY OF BACTERIA: KINGDOMS ARCHAEBACTERIA AND BACTERIA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why is it important that bacteria release nutrients? Nutrients must be released and recycled for use by other living organisms. If nutrients were not released by decomposers, the nutrients would all eventually be locked up in dead, non-decaying tissue.b. What term would best describe heterotrophic bacteria that feed on living tissue? parasitism2. What is the shape and size of each bacterial colony? E. coli—medium rod; B. megaterium—large rod; R. rubrum—small and thin spirillum 3. a. Which type of bacteria is most prevalent in the sample from your teeth? How do you know? probably gram positive because most of the cells are purpleb. Is Bacillus megaterium gram positive or gram negative? gram positive4. a. Where are the bacteria? Are they between cells or inside cells? inside the cellsb. Why is this relationship between a plant and bacterium called mutualism? Both partners benefit from the association.c. How does Rhizobium benefit from this association? nutrients from the hostd. How does the host plant benefit from the association? nitrogen supply from the bacterium5. Based on their appearance, which drugs or chemicals retard the growth of bacteria? depends on the drugs that you use6. Do all cells of a trichome of Oscillatoria appear similar? yes7. a. Do adjacent cells share a common sheath? usuallyb. What do you suppose is the function of the sheath? protectionc. Do clusters of Gloeocapsa represent multicellular organisms? Why or why not?No, the cells are not obligate dependents—they can operate independently; the protoplasms of the cells are not connected; the aggregation of cells can be broken into individual cells without killing the cells.8. a. How is the shape of Merismopedia different from other cyanobacteria you studied in this exercise? Merismopedia is a flat, square colony one cell thick.b. How would a colony attain this shape? equal divisions in two planesExercise 24Survey of Kingdom Protista: The Algae ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Is the movement of Chlamydomonas smooth or does it appear jerky? relatively smoothb. Can you see both flagella? You may need to reduce the light intensity to see flagella. probably not, depends on student's microscopec. How does methylcellulose affect movement of Chlamydomonas? slows it downd. How does the stigma help Chlamydomonas survive? detects light2. a. Under what environmental conditions would a zygote not u ndergo meiosis immediately? unfavorable conditionsb. Are spores of Chlamydomonas haploid or diploid? haploidc. Which portions of the life cycle of Chlamydomonas are haploid? all portions from meiosis to syngamyd. Which are diploid? all portions from syngamy to meiosis3. a. Are the filaments of Spirogyra branched? nob. What is the shape of the chloroplasts of Spirogyra? spiralc. Can you see any conjugation tubes? If you can't, examine the prepared slides that demonstrate these structures. probably not seen on live material, but easily seen on prepared materiald. How do you think that Spirogyra reproduces asexually? mitosis and fragmentation4. a. How is Cladophora morphologically similar to Spirogyra. How is it different? They are both filaments, but Cladophora is branched and Spirogyra is unbranched.b. What is the shape of its chloroplasts? broad and dispersed5. a. What is oogamy? ne gamete (sperm) is small and motile, the other gamete (egg) is larger and nonmotileb. What are the tin y spheres inside the larger sphere of Volvox? daughter coloniesc. How do you suppose they get out? Parent colonies turn inside out or rupture.d. How do you think the number of cells in a young Volvox colony compares to the number in a mature colony? less than or equal to the number in the mature colony6.a. How is Fucus' structure different from green algae that you have examined earlier in this exercise? Fucus is larger, more parenchymatous, and flattened.b. Are all portions of the thallus photosynthetic?How can you tell? probably not, due to different concentrations of pigmentsc. Considering where Fucus lives, what do you think is the function of its gelatinous sheath? Since Fucus lives in intertidal regions, the gelatinous sheath probably prevents desiccation.d. Are the swollen structures solid masses or are they empty? essentially empty7.a. Are the gametes of Fucus isogamous or oogamous? oogamousb. How does the structure of tissue surrounding the reproductive structures compare w ith that of green algae? Tissues in brown algae are more complex.8. a. Can you see any pores in the walls of diatoms? robably yesb. Are any of the diatoms moving? possiblyc. If diatoms lack flagella, how do you explain their motility? gliding on a gelatinous secretiond. How would diatomaceous earth compare to sand as a swimming pool filter material? Which would be better and why? Diatomaceous earth would be better because it is finer. How do the shapes of dinoflagellates compare with other unicellular algae that you have observed in this exercise? bizarre and varied What is the function of the eyespot of Euglena? detect lightExercise 25 SURVEY OF KINGDOM PROTISTA: PROTOZOA AND SLIME MOLDS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Can you detect moving cytoplasm in the extending pseudopods of Amoeba? probably yesb. What do you suppose the Amoeba is moving toward or away from? light or foodc. How does the Amoeba respond to nutrient broth? usually increased movementd. Approximately how long would it t ake an Amoeba to move across the field of view on low power? a few minutese. Why is a contractile vacuole of a protozoan often more difficult to see than a food vacuole? A contractile vacuole contains clear excretory fluid, while food vacuoles contain particulate matter.f. Why would excess water tend to accumulate in Amoeba? ecause solute concentration in the amoeba is higher than the concentration in the environment and water diffuses into the cell2. How could fossilized forams in different geological layers of rock or sediment indicate the probability of finding oil? Different species are present in different environmental conditions; therefore, a list of species may include those associated with environmental conditions appropriate for oil formation.3. a. How large is a trypanosome relative to an Amoeba? much smallerb. What alga does a trypanosome superficially resemble? Euglena4. a. Are cilia visible on living or prepared Paramecium? probably notb.Does Paramecium rotate as it mo ves? yesc. How does movement of Paramecium compare with that of Amoeba? With a flagellated alga? Paramecium moves much faster than Amoeba, but not as fast as many flagellated species.5. a. Why is the division of Paramecium cells called â€Å"transverse† fission? The plane of separation is transverse to the longitudinal axis.b. Why is transverse fission not a sexual process? it doesn't recombine genesc. What are the advantages and disadvantages of conjugation in Paramecium? disadvantages: conjugation requires more than one organism and is energy consuming advantage: creation of new genetic combinations6. a. What is the value or function of the rapid contraction stalk of Vorticella? avoid predationb. What is the probable function of the moving cilia of Vorticella? create water currents bringing food particles to the organism7. a. Is cytoplasmic movement of Physarum apparent? probably yesb. Is the movement in a particular direction? probably not, but on moist medium they may app arently move toward foodc. What is a possible function of cytoplasmic movement in Physarum? avoid light, find foodExercise 26 SURVEY OF KINGDOM FUNGI: MOLDS, SAC FUNGI, MUSHROOMS, AND LICHENS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Are hyphae present? ob. Are the cells motile? yes2. a. How many species of mold are on the bread? 2, 3, or 4b. Do any of the molds on the bread have hyphae modified as sporangiophores and sporangia? probably yesc. Is pigment distributed uniformly in each mycelium? If not, where is the pigment concentrated in each mold? No, pigment is usually concentrated in sporangia.d. What is the adaptive significance of spores forming on ends of upright filaments rather than closer to the protective substrate? to enhance distribution of released spores3. a. In what structure is the dark pigment of Rhizopus concentrated? sporangiab.Is Rhizopus reproducing sexually as well as asexually in the same petri dish? How can you tell? Yes (if students are provided with cultures with two strai ns); because sporangia as well as zygospores are visible.4. What is the relative size of Penicillium hyphae compared to Rhizopus hyphae? Penicillium hyphae are much smaller than Rhizopus hyphae.5. a. Do you see chains of yeast cells produced by budding? probably yesb. How is the structure of yeast hyphae different from that of molds? Yeast hyphae are greatly reduced to a chain of one or two cells, while molds are very long and multicellular. 6. What is the difference between dikaryotic and diploid cells? Dikaryotic cells have two distinct nuclei, each with a haploid (single) set of chromosomes; a diploid cell has one nucleus with a diploid (double set of chromosomes).7. How many spores would you estimate are present on the gills of a single cap of Coprinus? Remember that a prepared slide shows only a cross section. many, many thousands8. a. What is the value of photosynthetic algae to the growth of a fungus in a lichen? Algae conduct photosynthesis and produce an energy rich carbon source, (i. e. , glucose).b. Would you expect lichens to grow best in rural or urban environments? Why? best in rural environments because they are so sensitive to air pollutionExercise 27 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM: LIVERWORTS, MOSSES, AND HORNWORTS OF PHYLA HEPATICOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTA, AND ANTHOCEROPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. What are the functions of rhizoids? anchorage, possibly absorption2. What is the function of these pores? gas exchange3. How do the positions of the archegonium and antheridium relate to their reproductive function? Antheridia need to disperse sperm and are upright with pores on top of the antheridial disk; archegonia are protected under the surface of the archegonial disk.4. a. What is the function of the foot? nutrient transport from gametophyte to sporophyteb. Are spores haploid or diploid? haploidc. What is the functional significance of the response of elaters to moisture? dispersal of spores5. a. How many cells thick is the leaflet? one or twob. Is there a midrib? Vein? yesc. Are stomata or pores visible on the leaf surface? probably notd. How does the symmetry of a moss gametophyte compare with that of a liverwort gametophyte? Mosses are radially symmetrical and liverworts are bilaterally symmetrical. 6. a. How many times its own weight did the moss absorb? or more timesb. How does this compare with the paper towel? much greaterc. Why is Sphagnum often used in shipping items that must be kept moist? because it holds water so well7. Where is the egg located in the archegonium? egg is enlarged cell at base of neck8. Are sperm haploid or diploid? haploid9. Is the sporophyte more prominent in mosses or liverworts? mosses10. What is the adaptive significance of the seta of the sporophyte growing well above the mat of the gametophyte? better dispersal11. a. What process produces spores? meiosisb. Is the capsule haploid or diploid? diploid12. Can you think of any evolutionary implications of the similarity between a moss protonema and a filamentous green alga? both have similar form and live in similar habitat, which suggests that selective pressures for developing these structures may have been similarExercise 28 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM: SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS OF PHYLA PTEROPHYTA, LYCOPHYTA, PSILOPHYTA, AND SPHENOPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Which parts of the life cycle are haploid? gametophyteb. Which are diploid? sporophyte2.a. How many veins are present in each frond? usually 1 large veinb. What tissues compose a vein? ylem and phloemc. What is the function of the stalk? The blade? The pinnae? stalk—support; blade and pinnae—photosynthesis3.a. What is the function of an annulus? breaking point for opening sporangiumb. Are any spores in the sporangium? probably so4.a. Did the application of acetone cause the spores of the fern to disperse? probably yesb. How is the mechanism for spore dispersal in ferns similar to that of bryophytes? Moisture causes changes in cell (elater or annulus) shap e to release spores.5.a. Is the prothallium haploid or diploid? haploidb. Is the prothallium sporophyte or gametophyte? gametophyte6. a.What is the adaptive significance of having these structures on the lower surface of the prothallium rather than on the upper surface? protection from desiccationb. What is the adaptive significance of having sperm and egg produced at different times? discourages inbreeding7. How do Salvinia and Azolla differ from other ferns you've examined earlier? smaller, aquatic8. a. What type of branching characterizes Psilotum? dichotomousb. Are any roots present? noc. Are any leaves present? nod. Where are the sporangia? at end of short lateral branchese. Where does photosynthesis occur in Psilotum? stem9.a. Where are the leaves? n rings along stemb. What part of the plant is photosynthetic? stemc. Which part of the life cycle of Equisetum is dominant, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte10.a. How does strobili formation in Equisetum compare with Lycopo dium and Selaginella? sporangia of Lycopodium and Selaginella are on microphyllsb. How do elaters aid in the dispersal of spores? moves spores11. a. How could a rhizome be involved in asexual reproduction? produces new growth, which could be separated from parent plant (e. g. , via fragmentation), thereby resulting in a new individualb. How is a rhizome different from a rhizoid? hizome is underground stem; rhizoid is small, rootlike structurec. Does the rhizome have leaves? depends on specimen, but probably yesd. What is the shape and size of the leaves? thin, elongate, arranged in spiralse. What is the significance of this form of the leaves? intercept light for photosynthesisf. Is a midvein visible? yes g. What does the word â€Å"evergreen† mean? does not lose all of its leaves seasonallyh. Is â€Å"evergreenness† a good characteristic for classifying plants? Why or why not? No, unrelated plants are evergreen.12. a. How many sporangia occur on each sporophyll of Lyc opodium? oneb.Can you see why spores of Lycopodium are sometimes called â€Å"vegetable sulfur†? yesc. Why are the spores a good, dry lubricant? powdery; certain species produce some oild. Which is the dominant part of the Lycopodium life cycle, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte13. a. Are spores of Selaginella similar in size? nob. What is this condition called? heterosporousc. What is the functional significance of the difference in the appearance of dehydrated and rehydrated Selaginella? water conservation and survival during droughtd. Can you see why these plants are sometimes referred to as â€Å"resurrection plants†? yes Mitosis Replication of Eukaryotic Cells Exercise 13MITOSIS: REPLICATION OF EUKARYOTIC CELLS  ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Mitosis and cytokinesis are often referred to collectively as â€Å"cellular division. † Why are they more accurately called cellular replication? The result of mitosis is production of two cells (replicates) identical to the parent cell. The genetic material is replicated rather than divided.b. Does the cell cycle have a beginning and an end? The organization of our study of cellular events indicates a beginning and end, but the events continue to repeat.2.a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes during interphase, how many chromosomes does it have during metaphase? During metaphase there are 8 double-stranded chromosomes.b. How many does it have after mitosis is complete? After mitosis (and separation of chromatids) there are 16 chromosomes distributed between two nuclei.3.a. Why would we choose an embryonic mass of cells for procedure 13. 3 in which to study the stages of mitosis? embryonic cells a re replicating and growing rapidlyb. Which stage of mitosis most often is associated with the beginning of cytokinesis? usually late anaphase4.a. What region of a root has the most mitotic activity? meristem, just above capb. Why is pinching of the cytoplasm inadequate for cytokinesis in plant cells? Pinching of cytoplasm is not appropriate for rigid cell walls.c. Locate a plant cell in late telophase. What is the volume of the new cells relative to a mature cell? Each cell is smaller (approximately 1/2) than the parent cell.5.a. Why are the combined data from all the class members more meaningful than your results alone? Combined results reduce random error.b. How accurate were your predictions for length of each stage of mitosis? probably not closec. What sources of error can you list for this technique to determine the time elapsed during each stage of mitosis? ariation in onion roots; student's ability to distinguish stages; microscopic cross sections of roots may or may not pas s through the nuclear materialExercise 14MEIOSIS: REDUCTION DIVISION AND GAMETOGENESIS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why would shuffling genetic material and producing new combinations of characteristics be advantageous to a species? New genetic combinations allow adaptation to changing environments.b. When would it be deleterious? New combinations always produce a percentage of disadvantageous characteristics; the risk of bad gene combinations may be inappropriate in a stable, beneficial environment.2. a.Synapsis occurs after chromosomal DNA has replicated. How many chromatids are involved in crossing-over of a homologous pair of chromosomes?b. Suppose synapsis occurred between two homologous chromosomes, and one had alleles for blue eyes and brown hair and the other had alleles for green eyes and blonde hair. How many different combinations of these alleles would be possible? 4 Remember that crossing-over does not necessarily occur between the loci, so the original combinations may re main intact. 3. a. If a nucleus has eight chromosomes when it begins meiosis, how many chromosomes does it have after telophase I? Telophase II? with two chromatids each; 4 with one chromatid eachb. What are the major differences between the events of meiosis and mitosis? (see table 14. 2)c. What are some minor differences, and why do you consider them minor? minor differences would be those unrelated to chromosomal events4. a. During gametogenesis a sperm cell undergoes considerable structural change. What are the basics of sperm structure and how does it relate to function? The basics include small head with nucleus; an acrosomal process with enzymes to digest the outer membranes of the egg; a head and neck rich in mitochondria; and tail used to propel the cell to the egg.b. What is the advantage of producing sperm in a system of tubes rather than in solid tissue? because sperm cells can be expelled easily from the body through a system of tubesc. What is each strand of a double-s tranded chromosome called? chromatid5. How would retaining extra cytoplasm enhance survival of a developing oocyte? More cytoplasm contains more nutrients to ensure survival.6. a. What are the relative sizes of oocytes in a dormant follicle, a growing follicle, and a Graafian follicle? dormant oocyte 1X, growing oocyte 5X, mature oocyte 25Xb. Are polar bodies visible in your prepared slide of a cat ovary? Why or why not? probably not, because cells in the ovary usually have not finished meiosis I, and polar bodies disintegrate rapidly DNA FINGERPRINTING LABRestriction Digestion of DNA Samples Observation QuestionsDescribe the samples of DNA (physical properties). The DNA samples are clear, colorless liquid samples.Is there any observable difference between the samples of DNA? No. All samples appear similar.Describe the appearance of the restriction endonuclease mix. The restriction enzymes appear to be clear, colorless liquids.Restriction Digestion of DNA Samples Review QuestionsBef ore you incubated your samples, describe any visible signs of change in the contents of the tubes containing the DNA combined with the restriction enzymes. DNA + EcoRI/PstI enzyme mix: No visible change apparent in the tubes.Can you see any evidence to indicate that your samples of DNA were fragmented or altered in any way by the addition of EcoRI/PstI? Explain. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes.In the absence of visible evidence of change, is it still possible that the DNA samples were fragmented? Explain your reasoning. Yes. They may be chemically changed but the changes may not be visible. Enzymes may have cut the DNA.After a 24 hour incubation period, are there any visible clues that the restriction enzymes may have in some way changed the DNA in any of the tubes? Explain your reasoning. No. No visible change apparent in the tubes but the enzymes may have cut the DNA. The reactions are at the molecular level and too small to be seen.Electrophoresis of Your DNA Samples Review QuestionsThe electrophoresis apparatus creates an electrical field [positive and negative ends of the gel]. DNA molecules are negatively charged. To which pole of the electrophoresis field would you expect DNA to migrate (+ or -)? Explain. Positive.What color represents the negative pole? Black.After DNA samples are loaded in wells, they are â€Å"forced† to move through the gel matrix. Which size fragment (large vs small) would you expect to move toward the opposite end of the gel most quickly? Explain. Smaller. There is less resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Which fragments are expected to travel the shortest distance [remain closest to the well]? Explain. Larger. There is more resistance to their movement through the gel matrix.Lesson 4 Thought QuestionsWhat can you assume is contained within each band? DNA fragments.If this were a fingerprinting gel, then how many kinds (samples) of DNA can you assume were placed in each separate well? One.What wo uld be a logical explanation as to why there is more than one band of DNA for each of the samples? The DNA must have been cut into fragments by restriction enzymes.What probably caused the DNA to become fragmented? The chemical action of the restriction enzymes cutting at specific base sequences.Which of the DNA samples have the same number of restriction sites for the restriction endonuclease used? Write the lane numbers.Lanes 2, 3, and 4 (CS, S1, and S2).Which sample has the smallest DNA fragment? The sample in lane 5 (S3).How many restriction sites were there in lane three? Two sites that cut the sample into two fragments.Which DNA samples appear to have been â€Å"cut† into the same number and size of fragments? Lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2).Based on your analysis of the photograph, what is your conclusion about the DNA samples in the photograph? Do any of the samples seem to be from the same source. If so which ones? Describe the evidence that supports your conclusion.The DN A samples in lanes 2 and 4 (CS and S2) are from the same individual because they have identical restrictions sites that yield identical fragments.DNA Fingerprinting: OverviewWhat are we trying to determine? Restate the central question. We are trying to determine if samples of DNA that we were provided with are from the same individual or from different individuals.Which of your DNA samples were fragmented? What would your gel look like if the DNA were not fragmented? The number of fragmented samples will vary. They will have one band on the gel if the DNA was not cut.What caused the DNA to become fragmented? The addition of restriction enzymes.What determines where a restriction endonuclease will â€Å"cut† a DNA molecule? A special sequence of bases on the DNA called restriction sites.A restriction endonuclease â€Å"cuts† two DNA molecules at the same location. What can you assume is identical about the molecules at that location? The restriction sites are identical .Do any of your suspect samples appear to have EcoRI or PstI recognition sites at the same location as the DNA from the crime scene? The samples in lanes 2 and 5 match (CS and S3).Based on the above analysis, do any of the suspect samples of DNA seem to be from the same individual as the DNA from the crime scene? Describe the scientific evidence that supports your conclusion. The CS and S3 samples appear to be identical. They both produce similar banding patterns on the gel.Exercise 23 SURVEY OF BACTERIA: KINGDOMS ARCHAEBACTERIA AND BACTERIA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Why is it important that bacteria release nutrients? Nutrients must be released and recycled for use by other living organisms. If nutrients were not released by decomposers, the nutrients would all eventually be locked up in dead, non-decaying tissue.b. What term would best describe heterotrophic bacteria that feed on living tissue? parasitism2. What is the shape and size of each bacterial colony? E. coli—medium rod; B. megaterium—large rod; R. rubrum—small and thin spirillum 3. a. Which type of bacteria is most prevalent in the sample from your teeth? How do you know? probably gram positive because most of the cells are purpleb. Is Bacillus megaterium gram positive or gram negative? gram positive4. a. Where are the bacteria? Are they between cells or inside cells? inside the cellsb. Why is this relationship between a plant and bacterium called mutualism? Both partners benefit from the association.c. How does Rhizobium benefit from this association? nutrients from the hostd. How does the host plant benefit from the association? nitrogen supply from the bacterium5. Based on their appearance, which drugs or chemicals retard the growth of bacteria? depends on the drugs that you use6. Do all cells of a trichome of Oscillatoria appear similar? yes7. a. Do adjacent cells share a common sheath? usuallyb. What do you suppose is the function of the sheath? protectionc. Do clusters of Gloeocapsa represent multicellular organisms? Why or why not?No, the cells are not obligate dependents—they can operate independently; the protoplasms of the cells are not connected; the aggregation of cells can be broken into individual cells without killing the cells.8. a. How is the shape of Merismopedia different from other cyanobacteria you studied in this exercise? Merismopedia is a flat, square colony one cell thick.b. How would a colony attain this shape? equal divisions in two planesExercise 24Survey of Kingdom Protista: The Algae ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Is the movement of Chlamydomonas smooth or does it appear jerky? relatively smoothb. Can you see both flagella? You may need to reduce the light intensity to see flagella. probably not, depends on student's microscopec. How does methylcellulose affect movement of Chlamydomonas? slows it downd. How does the stigma help Chlamydomonas survive? detects light2. a. Under what environmental conditions would a zygote not u ndergo meiosis immediately? unfavorable conditionsb. Are spores of Chlamydomonas haploid or diploid? haploidc. Which portions of the life cycle of Chlamydomonas are haploid? all portions from meiosis to syngamyd. Which are diploid? all portions from syngamy to meiosis3. a. Are the filaments of Spirogyra branched? nob. What is the shape of the chloroplasts of Spirogyra? spiralc. Can you see any conjugation tubes? If you can't, examine the prepared slides that demonstrate these structures. probably not seen on live material, but easily seen on prepared materiald. How do you think that Spirogyra reproduces asexually? mitosis and fragmentation4. a. How is Cladophora morphologically similar to Spirogyra. How is it different? They are both filaments, but Cladophora is branched and Spirogyra is unbranched.b. What is the shape of its chloroplasts? broad and dispersed5. a. What is oogamy? ne gamete (sperm) is small and motile, the other gamete (egg) is larger and nonmotileb. What are the tin y spheres inside the larger sphere of Volvox? daughter coloniesc. How do you suppose they get out? Parent colonies turn inside out or rupture.d. How do you think the number of cells in a young Volvox colony compares to the number in a mature colony? less than or equal to the number in the mature colony6.a. How is Fucus' structure different from green algae that you have examined earlier in this exercise? Fucus is larger, more parenchymatous, and flattened.b. Are all portions of the thallus photosynthetic?How can you tell? probably not, due to different concentrations of pigmentsc. Considering where Fucus lives, what do you think is the function of its gelatinous sheath? Since Fucus lives in intertidal regions, the gelatinous sheath probably prevents desiccation.d. Are the swollen structures solid masses or are they empty? essentially empty7.a. Are the gametes of Fucus isogamous or oogamous? oogamousb. How does the structure of tissue surrounding the reproductive structures compare w ith that of green algae? Tissues in brown algae are more complex.8. a. Can you see any pores in the walls of diatoms? robably yesb. Are any of the diatoms moving? possiblyc. If diatoms lack flagella, how do you explain their motility? gliding on a gelatinous secretiond. How would diatomaceous earth compare to sand as a swimming pool filter material? Which would be better and why? Diatomaceous earth would be better because it is finer. How do the shapes of dinoflagellates compare with other unicellular algae that you have observed in this exercise? bizarre and varied What is the function of the eyespot of Euglena? detect lightExercise 25 SURVEY OF KINGDOM PROTISTA: PROTOZOA AND SLIME MOLDS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Can you detect moving cytoplasm in the extending pseudopods of Amoeba? probably yesb. What do you suppose the Amoeba is moving toward or away from? light or foodc. How does the Amoeba respond to nutrient broth? usually increased movementd. Approximately how long would it t ake an Amoeba to move across the field of view on low power? a few minutese. Why is a contractile vacuole of a protozoan often more difficult to see than a food vacuole? A contractile vacuole contains clear excretory fluid, while food vacuoles contain particulate matter.f. Why would excess water tend to accumulate in Amoeba? ecause solute concentration in the amoeba is higher than the concentration in the environment and water diffuses into the cell2. How could fossilized forams in different geological layers of rock or sediment indicate the probability of finding oil? Different species are present in different environmental conditions; therefore, a list of species may include those associated with environmental conditions appropriate for oil formation.3. a. How large is a trypanosome relative to an Amoeba? much smallerb. What alga does a trypanosome superficially resemble? Euglena4. a. Are cilia visible on living or prepared Paramecium? probably notb.Does Paramecium rotate as it mo ves? yesc. How does movement of Paramecium compare with that of Amoeba? With a flagellated alga? Paramecium moves much faster than Amoeba, but not as fast as many flagellated species.5. a. Why is the division of Paramecium cells called â€Å"transverse† fission? The plane of separation is transverse to the longitudinal axis.b. Why is transverse fission not a sexual process? it doesn't recombine genesc. What are the advantages and disadvantages of conjugation in Paramecium? disadvantages: conjugation requires more than one organism and is energy consuming advantage: creation of new genetic combinations6. a. What is the value or function of the rapid contraction stalk of Vorticella? avoid predationb. What is the probable function of the moving cilia of Vorticella? create water currents bringing food particles to the organism7. a. Is cytoplasmic movement of Physarum apparent? probably yesb. Is the movement in a particular direction? probably not, but on moist medium they may app arently move toward foodc. What is a possible function of cytoplasmic movement in Physarum? avoid light, find foodExercise 26 SURVEY OF KINGDOM FUNGI: MOLDS, SAC FUNGI, MUSHROOMS, AND LICHENS ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. a. Are hyphae present? ob. Are the cells motile? yes2. a. How many species of mold are on the bread? 2, 3, or 4b. Do any of the molds on the bread have hyphae modified as sporangiophores and sporangia? probably yesc. Is pigment distributed uniformly in each mycelium? If not, where is the pigment concentrated in each mold? No, pigment is usually concentrated in sporangia.d. What is the adaptive significance of spores forming on ends of upright filaments rather than closer to the protective substrate? to enhance distribution of released spores3. a. In what structure is the dark pigment of Rhizopus concentrated? sporangiab.Is Rhizopus reproducing sexually as well as asexually in the same petri dish? How can you tell? Yes (if students are provided with cultures with two strai ns); because sporangia as well as zygospores are visible.4. What is the relative size of Penicillium hyphae compared to Rhizopus hyphae? Penicillium hyphae are much smaller than Rhizopus hyphae.5. a. Do you see chains of yeast cells produced by budding? probably yesb. How is the structure of yeast hyphae different from that of molds? Yeast hyphae are greatly reduced to a chain of one or two cells, while molds are very long and multicellular. 6. What is the difference between dikaryotic and diploid cells? Dikaryotic cells have two distinct nuclei, each with a haploid (single) set of chromosomes; a diploid cell has one nucleus with a diploid (double set of chromosomes).7. How many spores would you estimate are present on the gills of a single cap of Coprinus? Remember that a prepared slide shows only a cross section. many, many thousands8. a. What is the value of photosynthetic algae to the growth of a fungus in a lichen? Algae conduct photosynthesis and produce an energy rich carbon source, (i. e. , glucose).b. Would you expect lichens to grow best in rural or urban environments? Why? best in rural environments because they are so sensitive to air pollutionExercise 27 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM: LIVERWORTS, MOSSES, AND HORNWORTS OF PHYLA HEPATICOPHYTA, BRYOPHYTA, AND ANTHOCEROPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1. What are the functions of rhizoids? anchorage, possibly absorption2. What is the function of these pores? gas exchange3. How do the positions of the archegonium and antheridium relate to their reproductive function? Antheridia need to disperse sperm and are upright with pores on top of the antheridial disk; archegonia are protected under the surface of the archegonial disk.4. a. What is the function of the foot? nutrient transport from gametophyte to sporophyteb. Are spores haploid or diploid? haploidc. What is the functional significance of the response of elaters to moisture? dispersal of spores5. a. How many cells thick is the leaflet? one or twob. Is there a midrib? Vein? yesc. Are stomata or pores visible on the leaf surface? probably notd. How does the symmetry of a moss gametophyte compare with that of a liverwort gametophyte? Mosses are radially symmetrical and liverworts are bilaterally symmetrical. 6. a. How many times its own weight did the moss absorb? or more timesb. How does this compare with the paper towel? much greaterc. Why is Sphagnum often used in shipping items that must be kept moist? because it holds water so well7. Where is the egg located in the archegonium? egg is enlarged cell at base of neck8. Are sperm haploid or diploid? haploid9. Is the sporophyte more prominent in mosses or liverworts? mosses10. What is the adaptive significance of the seta of the sporophyte growing well above the mat of the gametophyte? better dispersal11. a. What process produces spores? meiosisb. Is the capsule haploid or diploid? diploid12. Can you think of any evolutionary implications of the similarity between a moss protonema and a filamentous green alga? both have similar form and live in similar habitat, which suggests that selective pressures for developing these structures may have been similarExercise 28 SURVEY OF THE PLANT KINGDOM: SEEDLESS VASCULAR PLANTS OF PHYLA PTEROPHYTA, LYCOPHYTA, PSILOPHYTA, AND SPHENOPHYTA ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS1.a. Which parts of the life cycle are haploid? gametophyteb. Which are diploid? sporophyte2.a. How many veins are present in each frond? usually 1 large veinb. What tissues compose a vein? ylem and phloemc. What is the function of the stalk? The blade? The pinnae? stalk—support; blade and pinnae—photosynthesis3.a. What is the function of an annulus? breaking point for opening sporangiumb. Are any spores in the sporangium? probably so4.a. Did the application of acetone cause the spores of the fern to disperse? probably yesb. How is the mechanism for spore dispersal in ferns similar to that of bryophytes? Moisture causes changes in cell (elater or annulus) shap e to release spores.5.a. Is the prothallium haploid or diploid? haploidb. Is the prothallium sporophyte or gametophyte? gametophyte6. a.What is the adaptive significance of having these structures on the lower surface of the prothallium rather than on the upper surface? protection from desiccationb. What is the adaptive significance of having sperm and egg produced at different times? discourages inbreeding7. How do Salvinia and Azolla differ from other ferns you've examined earlier? smaller, aquatic8. a. What type of branching characterizes Psilotum? dichotomousb. Are any roots present? noc. Are any leaves present? nod. Where are the sporangia? at end of short lateral branchese. Where does photosynthesis occur in Psilotum? stem9.a. Where are the leaves? n rings along stemb. What part of the plant is photosynthetic? stemc. Which part of the life cycle of Equisetum is dominant, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte10.a. How does strobili formation in Equisetum compare with Lycopo dium and Selaginella? sporangia of Lycopodium and Selaginella are on microphyllsb. How do elaters aid in the dispersal of spores? moves spores11. a. How could a rhizome be involved in asexual reproduction? produces new growth, which could be separated from parent plant (e. g. , via fragmentation), thereby resulting in a new individualb. How is a rhizome different from a rhizoid? hizome is underground stem; rhizoid is small, rootlike structurec. Does the rhizome have leaves? depends on specimen, but probably yesd. What is the shape and size of the leaves? thin, elongate, arranged in spiralse. What is the significance of this form of the leaves? intercept light for photosynthesisf. Is a midvein visible? yes g. What does the word â€Å"evergreen† mean? does not lose all of its leaves seasonallyh. Is â€Å"evergreenness† a good characteristic for classifying plants? Why or why not? No, unrelated plants are evergreen.12. a. How many sporangia occur on each sporophyll of Lyc opodium? oneb.Can you see why spores of Lycopodium are sometimes called â€Å"vegetable sulfur†? yesc. Why are the spores a good, dry lubricant? powdery; certain species produce some oild. Which is the dominant part of the Lycopodium life cycle, the sporophyte or gametophyte? sporophyte13. a. Are spores of Selaginella similar in size? nob. What is this condition called? heterosporousc. What is the functional significance of the difference in the appearance of dehydrated and rehydrated Selaginella? water conservation and survival during droughtd. Can you see why these plants are sometimes referred to as â€Å"resurrection plants†? yes